论19世纪法国犹太人的职业转型  

A Discussion on the Occupational Transformation of French Jews in the 19th Century

作　　者：张庆海[1] 俞杰 ZHANG Qing-hai;YU Jie(School of History and Culture,South China Normal University,Guangzhou,Guangdong,510631,China)

机构地区：[1]华南师范大学历史文化学院,广东广州510631

出　　处：《史学集刊》2023年第3期59-69,共11页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“现代法国政府应对民族冲突危机政策研究”(16BSS034)。

摘　　要：19世纪法国犹太人的职业发展实现了法兰西民族化和现代化的转型,并与法国经济发展的总体特征达成高度契合,犹太人成为法国企业家的重要代表。首先,犹太人在大革命之后即融入法国工业化进程中,其突出表现是犹太人群体的城市化,这是近代法国犹太人融入法兰西民族并实现职业转型的开端和条件;其次,犹太人企业家的经营领域发生了重大变化:从传统高利贷及旧货交易经营模式拓展到近代法国几乎所有经济领域,尤其在金融、工业和服务业等行业具有独特的地位,树立起成功的犹太人企业家群体形象;再次,犹太人企业家在经济领域取得成功,却因为他们的族裔背景受到了类似于“原罪”一般的否定,被作为法国资本主义制度的腐朽象征而备受攻讦,甚至连法国都被种族主义者污蔑为“犹太法国”。In the 19th century,French Jews,as the significant representation of French entrepreneurs,had achieved a transformation on their profession towards Frenchification and modernization,matching with the general French economic development very well.Firstly,Jews after the French Revolution joined the French industrialization with a manifest characterization that Jews underwent urbanization which indicated the beginning and prerequisite of the integration of Jews into the French nation in modern times accompanied by occupational transformation.Secondly,the scope of business of Jews had changed dramatically from the traditional high-interest loan and antique selling to the whole range of the economy in modern France,especially enjoying a unique position to establish a successfully collective Jewish entrepreneurs in finance industries and service industry.Thirdly,the economic achievement of Jewish entrepreneurs was highly recognized by French society,but because of their ethnic background they were denied something like an“original sin”and denounced as a symbol of the decadence of the French capitalism,and even France was stigmatized by racists as“Jewish France”.

关 键 词：近代法国 犹太人企业家 城市化 金融资本家 

分 类 号：K565.4[历史地理—历史学]