《民法典》第1170条(共同危险行为)诉讼评注  

Procedural Commentary on Article 1170 of the Civil Code(Joint Dangerous Act)

作　　者：任重[1] Ren Zhong

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084

出　　处：《法学杂志》2023年第3期64-82,共19页Law Science Magazine

基　　金：2022年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“民法典与民事诉讼法的协同实施研究”(项目编号:22&ZD206);2018年度国家社科基金重大项目“民事司法智能化设计的理论方案研究”(项目编号:18ZDA142)的阶段性成果;清华大学自主科研计划资助。

摘　　要：“因果关系推定”“因果关系拟制”以及“独立请求基础”三种规范模式均能在《民法典》第1170条中得到印证。立法者倾向于将共同危险行为作为独立请求基础的做法容易导出复数诉讼标的。“具体加害人不明”还将引发诉讼标的转化不畅以及“判非所请”等《民法典》实施难题。以“视为”为标识的“因果关系拟制”虽然不存在复数诉讼标的,但有扩大审理范围和诉讼构造复杂化之问题。“因果关系拟制”和“独立请求基础”可能诱使受害人和法官“向共同危险行为逃逸”。以《民法典》与《民事诉讼法》协同实施为基准,“因果关系推定”的诉讼实施更为顺畅,在程序转化方面具有自身优势。以“纠纷一次性解决”为导向,侵权责任编亟待“特殊→一般”之逆向化整理。对于请求内容相同的侵权之诉,法官应在同一诉讼标的内体系化地运用侵权责任规范。"legal presumption of causality","legal fiction of causality"and"independent claim"these three interpretation models all can be proved under article 1170 of the Civil Code.The legislators prefer to regarding joint dangerous act as an independent claim,which will easily resulting in plural claims in China.The fact that"the specific tortfeasor is unknown"also leads to difficulties in the implementation of the Civil Code,such as the poor transformation of the cause of action and"the judgment is beyond what plaintiffs request".The"legal fiction of causality"model,marked with the word"deemed",does not cause plural claims,but it does have the problem of widening the scope of proceedings and complicating the structure of litigation.The"legal fiction of causality"and the"independent claim"models both may induce the victim and the judge to"flee to joint dangerous acts".Aimed at collaboration of the Civil Code and the Civil Procedure Law,the"legal presumption of causation"model is smoother in implementation,and has its own advantages on procedural transformation.Under the guidance of"one-time settlement of disputes",the tort liability section of the Civil Code is in need of a"special to general"reverse arrangement.For tort actions with the same claim,judges should systematically apply tort liability norms within the same cause of action.

关 键 词：民法典 侵权责任 共同危险 因果关系 法律推定 纠纷一次性解决 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]