《民法典》视阈下预防性环境民事责任的适用规则  

Judicial Application of Preventive Civil Liability in Environmental Justice Based on Chinese Civil Code

作　　者：李雯静 Li Wenjing

机构地区：[1]湖南工商大学法学院,湖南长沙410205

出　　处：《法学杂志》2023年第3期123-137,共15页Law Science Magazine

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“环境污染潜在健康损害的预防性救济机制研究”(项目编号:22BFX126)的阶段性成果;中国国家留学基金资助,日本北海道大学公派访学期间的研究成果之一。

摘　　要：从损害救济转向风险预防是环境社会共治的必然趋势。环境污染导致的健康损害具有潜在性、渐进性和迟发性等特点,“无损害则无救济”的传统侵权法路径已难以有效应对当前日益严峻的环境危机。回归法教义学本源,在《民法典》体系内部探求适用预防性环境民事责任的解释论基础具有重要的现实意义。环境司法中预防性民事责任的请求权基础包括物权请求权、人格权请求权和预防性侵权责任请求权。物权请求权的适用通常集中在相邻污染侵害的场域,而人格权请求权与预防性侵权请求权更能契合环境公害所引发的健康危害之特质,二者关系应当理解为请求权基础竞合。预防性民事责任不以损害的现实发生或行为人具有过错为要件,但需满足权益侵害、行为具有违法性以及损害发生具有现实危险性(因果关系)要件。预防性环境民事责任是在损害尚未发生之前对行为人行为的禁止,应受到“禁止过剩介入”的制约,需要引入容忍限度论或贯彻利益衡量论以防止滥用诉权和诱发水闸效应。The shift from damage relief to risk prevention is an inevitable trend of environment and social co-governance.Health damage caused by environmental pollution has characters of potentiality,gradualness and delay,and the traditional law path of"no remedy without damage"has made it difficult to effectively respond to the current severe environmental crisis.Returning to the origin of jurisprudence,exploring the interpretation basis for the application of preventive civil liability for the environment within the system of the Civil Code has important practical significance.Under Civil Code,basis of claim for preventive civil liability in environmental justice includes the right to claim property rights,the right to claim personality rights and the right to claim tort liability.Application of property rights claim is usually concentrated in adjacent pollution infringement field,while personality right claim and preventive tort liability claim match the characteristics of health damage caused by environmental hazards.It should be understood as a concurrence of claims.Preventive civil liability does not require actual occurrence of damage or fault of the perpetrator,but it is necessary to meet elements of rights or interests being infringed,perpetrator's act being illegal,and occurrence of damage being actually dangerous.Preventive environmental civil liability is a prohibition on the conduct before damage,subject to prohibition of excessive intervention,and it is necessary to use the theory of tolerance limits to prevent abuse of litigation.

关 键 词：环境司法 风险预防 预防性民事责任 环境人格权 人格权请求权 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]