汉初侯国制度创立新论  

New Research on the Establishment of the Marquis State System in the Early Western Han Dynasty

作　　者：马孟龙[1] Ma Menglong

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系,上海200433

出　　处：《历史研究》2023年第2期58-78,M0004,共22页Historical Research

摘　　要：西汉初年的列侯制度继承自秦,列侯属军功食邑贵族,仅有“食邑”而无“侯国”。汉文帝二年始创侯国制度,列侯在封地拥有朝廷官制、宫禁宿卫、军队、宗庙与社稷,彻底摆脱军功贵族身分,正式跻身“诸侯”之列。这是西汉军功爵制、封建制度的重要变革。汉文帝名义上提升列侯身分地位,实质是借“诸侯治民”原则,让列侯前往侯国就封,从而瓦解盘踞长安的功臣集团。随着侯国制度的推行,功臣前往封地居住,受到朝廷严密监控,丧失干预朝政的实力,逐渐淡出中枢政治舞台。The marquis state system of the early Western Han Dynasty was inherited from the Qin Dynasty.Under this system,marquises,as military nobles,were granted“revenue cities”,but were not eligible to own marquis states.In the second year of Emperor Wen's reign,however,the imperial government initiated a marquis state system,granting permission to marquises to possess their own bureaucracies,palace guards,armies,ancestral temples,and altars of Soil and Grain.This system,which elevated the status of marquises to that of princes,marked a significant change in the military meritocracy and feudal system of the Western Han Dynasty.Nonetheless,the policy also imposed new restraints on this group of nobles.Emperor Wen,while nominally elevating the status of the marquises,also forced them to reside in their own marquis states,in accordance with the principle of“princes governing their own people”.Designed to break up a group of meritorious officials who had entrenched themselves in Chang'an,this new policy proved effective;the meritorious officials were indeed moved to their marquis states,where they remained under the strict surveillance of the imperial government,greatly undermining their capacity to intervene in central state affairs.

关 键 词：侯国制度 食邑制度 封建制度 军功爵制 功臣集团 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学] K234.1[政治法律—中外政治制度]