蒙元时代的四怯薛长承袭  

The Succession of Four Keshig Elders during the Mongol-Yuan Period

作　　者：张晓慧 Zhang Xiaohui

机构地区：[1]中国历史研究院古代史研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《历史研究》2023年第2期100-119,M0005,M0006,共22页Historical Research

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“历史记忆与族群认同:蒙古开国史新诠”(21CZS021)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：怯薛制是蒙元时代草原色彩最为浓厚的政治制度之一,不仅元人与之存在隔膜,现代学者亦有误读。怯薛制度建立之初,怯薛长的选任范围并非如《元史》记载限于成吉思汗的“四杰”家族,而是涵盖蒙古开国功臣集团。大蒙古国分裂后,怯薛制度作为重要的草原传统,在元朝和其他汗国中得以保留。受到蒙元时代汗位之争的影响,怯薛长选任经历了复杂的变动。《元史》所谓太祖创设的“祖制”,并非出自成吉思汗之手,而是元人对元朝政治的观察与总结。怯薛长的家族承袭,集中体现了怯薛制连结大汗与异姓贵族的纽带作用。Keshig,one of the most distinctive steppe institutions during the Mongol-Yuan period,has been misunderstood to some extent by both Yuan contemporaries and modern scholars.When it was first established,keshig elders were selected from the broad set of important noyans of the newly-established Yeke Mongol Ulus,rather than the more limited four kulugs of Genghis Khan,as the Yuan Shi recorded.After the dissolution of the Mongol Empire,the steppe tradition of keshig remained in place during the Yuan dynasty and other khanates.During this time,however,keshig elders changed as a result of struggle for the throne.The Yuan Shi's records concerning keshig elders do not derive from Genghis Khan himself,but reflect Yuan contemporaries'understanding of Yuan dynasty politics instead.Familial succession amongst keshig elders helped to cement the ties between the Mongol elites and the Khans.

关 键 词：蒙古 元朝 伊利汗国 怯薛长 异姓贵族 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学] K247[政治法律—中外政治制度]