二战后德国战争赔偿政策的演变及其影响  

The Evolution of Germany's War Reparations Policy after the Second World War and the Corresponding Impact

作　　者：孙文沛[1] Sun Wenpei

机构地区：[1]中国地质大学(武汉)马克思主义学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2023年第2期77-91,173,共16页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“二战后德国战争赔偿史”(项目编号:20FSSB028)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：第二次世界大战后,德国战争赔偿政策在主体意愿、赔偿对象和支付方式上发生了重大变化,主体意愿从“被动赔偿”变为“主动赔偿”,赔偿对象从“战胜国赔偿”变为“受害者赔偿”,支付方式从“实物赔偿”变为“货币赔偿”。这使德国二战赔偿成为历史上持续时间最长、覆盖范围最广、支付金额最高的战争赔偿。德国二战赔偿超越了“因为战败而赔偿”的传统历史逻辑,其主要的合法性和驱动力变成了“因为罪责而赔偿”。1949年联邦德国成立后,战争赔偿成为德国政府和企业因二战历史罪责向国际社会和受害者群体“赎罪”的主要经济手段,也是世界历史上战败国首次对战争受害者这一弱势群体进行大规模赔偿。德国推动“受害者赔偿”取代“战胜国赔偿”成为战争赔偿的重心,开辟了战争赔偿的新领域。以“记忆、责任与未来”基金为标志,德国政府和社会在处理二战受害者赔偿过程中探索出一种新的战争遗留问题处理模式,为今后世界各国处理类似问题提供了某种借鉴。After the Second World War,Germany's war reparations policy underwent major changes in terms of subject's willingness,compensation objects and payment methods.More specifically,the willingness of the subject changed from'passive reparations'to active reparations',the objects of reparations changed from‘reparations to victorious powers'to‘reparations to victims',and the methods of payment changed from‘reparations in kind'to‘monetary reparations'.Those changes made Germany's war reparations of the longest lasting,widest covering,and highest paying war reparations in history.Such war reparations transcended the traditional historical logic of‘reparations for defeat'and their main legality and driving force evolved into'reparations for guilt'.After the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany(FRG)in 1949,war reparations became the main economic means by which the FRG government and companies'atoned'for their historical guilt in the Second World War to the international community and the victim groups.It was also the first time in history that a defeated country made large-scale reparations to the vulnerable group of‘war victims'.Germany has opened up a new field of war reparations by promoting‘reparations to victims'as the focus of war reparations instead of‘reparations to victorious powers'.With the Memory,Responsibility and Future'fund as the symbol,the FRG government and society have explored a new model for dealing with the legacy of war in the process of reparations for victims of the Second World War,which provides a certain reference for countries around the world to deal with similar issues in the future.

关 键 词：第二次世界大战 德国政府 战争赔偿政策 受害者赔偿 犹太人 

分 类 号：D751.6[政治法律—政治学] K516.5[政治法律—中外政治制度]