政治区域划分与乌尔第三王朝的国家治理  

Political Regional Division and the State Governance of the Ur Ⅲ Dynasty

作　　者：刘昌玉 Liu Changyu

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学人文学院历史系

出　　处：《世界历史》2023年第2期122-136,175,共16页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“两河流域乌尔第三王朝对外关系研究”(项目编号:20BSS011)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：政治区域划分是乌尔第三王朝进行国家治理的基础。长期以来,传统的“核心区—边缘区—附庸国”政治区域划分模式受到学界诸多质疑,尤以是否存在附庸国的争议为甚。建立新的王朝政治区域解释模式已成为一项必要任务。依据最新原始文献的解读以及考古发掘的成果,乌尔第三王朝的政治区域划分新模式由内到外包括行省、边疆和外交国。行省制度承袭自阿卡德王朝,乌尔第三王朝统治者首创总督与将军共治的行省治理新模式。边疆政策是乌尔统治者的又一创新举措,分为边疆军管区和自治区,分别由乌尔委派的将军和当地贵族负责管理。对于外交国,乌尔第三王朝设置完备的外交机构和外事官员,负责处理外国使节来访以及本国使节出访等外交事宜,加强同周边国家的贸易往来与文化交流。这一政治区域划分是早期两河流域国家治理的初次尝试,对后来两河流域文明的发展产生了重要的影响。The division of political regions is the foundation of the state governance of the Ur Ⅲ dynasty.For a long time,the traditional political regional division model of‘core-periphery-vassal state'has been questioned by many scholars.In particular,it is the most controversial whether or not the vassal states existed.It becomes an essential task to establish a new explanation model on the political regional division of the Ur Ⅲ dynasty.Based on the latest cuneiform texts and archaeological evidences,the political regions of the Ur Ⅲ dynasty consisted of provinces,frontiers and diplomatic states from the internal level to the external level.The province system was inherited from the Akkadian dynasty.The rulers of the Ur Ⅲ dynasty initiated a new mode of the provincial governance,namely the governorgeneral co-regent.The frontier policy was another great innovation by the rulers of the Ur Ⅲ dynasty,dividing into military regions administered by generals who were appointed by rulers of the Ur I dynasty and autonomous regions administered by local elites.In addition,the ruler of the Ur Ⅲ dynasty set up a well-serviced diplomatic organisation which administrative officials were responsible for dealing with the visits of foreign and domestic envoys.The commercial and cultural exchanges were consolidated between the Ur Ⅲ dynasty and its surrounding states.In a word,the innovative political regional division model during the period of the Ur Ⅲ dynasty was the first attempt on the state governance in early Mesopotamian history,which has a significant influence on the development of the Mesopotamian civilisation.

关 键 词：乌尔第三王朝 行省制度 边疆政策 外交国 国家治理 

分 类 号：D033.1[政治法律—政治学] K124[历史地理—历史学]