从客观真实到话语确认:“老实”的演变路径及功能分析  

From Telling the Truth to Confirming the Utterance:A Study of the Evolutionary Path and Function of Laoshi

作　　者：雷冬平 LEI Dongping

机构地区：[1]重庆师范大学文学院,401331

出　　处：《汉语学报》2023年第2期44-57,共14页Chinese Linguistics

基　　金：重庆师范大学研究生科研创新项目:从客观实在到肯定判断:“X”实类语气副词演变研究(编号:YKC22008);重庆市语言文字科研项目“汉语常用构式及其构式化研究”(编号:yyk21218)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：“老实”在现代汉语普通话中仅有形容词功能,但在现代汉语方言中,除了有形容词功能外,还有副词功能和话语标记功能。经过历史演变考察发现,形容词“老实”是由前缀“老”和形容词“实”通过附加式构词法直接组合而成的。形容词“老实”在“实在”义的基础上又发展出了程度副词的用法;而随着程度副词主观评述性的加强,“老实”进一步又虚化为语气副词。语气副词在焦点凸显的句法结构中不断左向外置,“老实”于是就发展出话语标记的用法。“老实”的这一演变路径在汉语的诸多词语中存在,并且存在于外语的同类词语演变中。在“老实”的整个演变过程中,其核心义“真实、不虚空”始终贯穿其中,发挥了统摄作用。Laoshi can only be used as an adjective in modern Chinese Putonghua,but also an adverb and a discourse marker in modern Chinese dialects.Through a diachronic investigation,it is found that the adjective laoshi was directly formed with the prefix lao and the adjective shi through affixation.The adjective laoshi developed the usage of degree adverb on the basis of“reality”,and the degree adverb strengthened its subjective comments and further became a modal adverb.Later,being a modal adverb,which was constantly moved leftward as the focus in the syntactic structure,laoshi evolved into a discourse marker.Many Chinese words follow the similar evolutionary path of laoshi,including words of the same type in foreign languages.Moreover,in the whole evolutionary process of laoshi,the core meaning,“truth,not emptiness”runs through it all the time,playing a leading role.

关 键 词：“老实” 核心义 演变路径 语义虚化 

分 类 号：H136[语言文字—汉语]