拜日信仰演变、神权庙法兴衰与上古政治变革——以扶桑十日、羿射日和十日丧礼神话为线索  

Evolution of Sun-Worshipping Beliefs,Rise and Fall of Theocratic Temple Law,and Political Changes:Looking at Myth of Ten Suns of Fusang,Yi's Shooting of Nine Suns and Ten Sun Funerary Rites

作　　者：郭静云 Olga Gorodetskaya

机构地区：[1]南京大学全球人文研究院,江苏省苏州市215163 [2]台湾中正大学历史学系,中国台湾省嘉义县62102

出　　处：《南京大学学报（哲学．人文科学．社会科学）》2023年第2期125-145,159,160,共23页Journal of Nanjing University(Philosophy,Humanities and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：扶桑十日、羿射日和十日丧礼,不仅是美丽的神话,背后还涉及不同时代的不同政治手段。当时的政治离不开庙权,政治改革都基于神法,都是用神秘语言和祭祀制度来表达。就政治层面而言,扶桑神话反映出,在国家初兴之际,以太阳为始祖的多个邦国统治者彼此通过联盟合成为国家,由这些邦国轮流主宰国家政权。约5 500年前兴起的这几个邦国统治者,都认为自己的始祖是太阳,在建立联合城邦制的国家时,借用十日始祖形象表达永恒的盟约关系,以十日盟约为庙法建立几家邦国统治者的平等盟约。夏时代父子继承统治集权制度兴起而创造出羿射日的新神权庙法,试图毁弃十日(氏)大贵族的政权。以射日神话替代扶桑神话则反映出,夏王国集权势力企图抑制老贵族的势力。但是,由于十日贵族团体还有一定的政治势力,而又为商王国所依靠,成汤出于政治笼络目的,复兴了十日神权,以此为基础建立了整套王室宗庙之法。商王室十日丧礼,则反映出成汤笼络人心而统一国家的高明策略。More than beautiful myths,the ten suns of Fusang,Yi's shooting down nine suns and ten-sun funerary rites also denote different political means in different eras.Politics at the time could not be isolated from temple power,and political reforms found its base in theocracy.Both were expressed in mystical language and sacrificial systems.On the political level,the Fusang myth tells us the beginning of the kingdom,whereby the rulers of several smaller states,with ten suns as their originators,formed a kingdom through an alliance with each other,and the rulers of those allied states took turns to rule the larger kingdom.This alliance consisted of rulers of several equal city states that emerged about 5,500 years ago.They all believed their originator to be the Sun,and as such upon establishing this joint city-state polity,the image of the ten suns was used to express the eternal allied relationship,with the ten-sun alliance becoming the temple law.Later,with the centralized dynastic father-to-son succession system emerging in the period of the Xia Kingdom,the new temple law of Y's shooting down nine suns appeared,attempting to destroy the power of the ten suns(i.e.clans)great noblemen.However,because the ten-sun nobles still had some political power that was relied on by the Shang Kingdom,Cheng Tang revived the ten-sun theocracy for political reasons and established the entire set of royal temple laws on this basis.The ten-sun funerary rites of the Shang royal family are a reflection of Cheng Tang's brilliant strategy to unify the kingdom by winning over the people.

关 键 词：神权政治 国家起源 祖先崇拜 屈家岭文化 扶桑十日 

分 类 号：K21[历史地理—历史学] B93[历史地理—中国史]