中国水污染状况及其引起的健康危害与对策  

The occurrence of water pollution and its adverse health effects and future countermeasures in China

作　　者：曾强 邬堂春[1] ZENG Qiang;WU Tangchun(Department of Occupational and Environmental Health,School of Public Health,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health of Ministry of Education,Wuhan 430030,China)

机构地区：[1]华中科技大学同济医学院公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,教育部环境与健康重点实验室,武汉430030

出　　处：《中华疾病控制杂志》2023年第5期503-507,521,共6页Chinese Journal of Disease Control & Prevention

基　　金：中国工程院咨询项目“公共卫生环境治理”(2022-XBZD-18-04)。

摘　　要：水污染已成为全球性的环境问题,严重影响各国经济社会发展与人民生命健康。随着《水污染防治行动计划》等法律法规的全面实施,中国水污染防治实现了重大转变,但与人民群众对水质安全和健康保障的日益增长需求仍存在差距。本文分析了2012―2021年中国不同水体的水质变化情况,结果显示中国水质总体呈现不断改善趋势。总结了水化学性、生物性和物理性污染造成的主要健康危害,其中化学性污染作为中国水污染的主要特征,其造成的致癌、致畸、地方病等健康危害问题突出,而生物性污染造成的介水传染病仍需警惕。在此基础上,从管理体系、污染防治和科研需求等方面提出了完善水环境法律法规、推进水污染精准防治和加强水污染与健康风险研究等措施建议,以期为水污染防治政策的制定提供参考,助推“健康中国”建设目标。Water pollution has been a global environmental issue,which seriously affects the e⁃conomic and social development and the people’s life and health.With the full implementation of the Ac⁃tion Plan for Water Pollution Prevention and Control,the prevention and control of water pollution in China has undergone significant changes,but there are still some gaps with the people’s growing demand for water quality safety and health protection.In this paper,we analyze the various water quality changes in China from 2012 to 2021,and the results showed that the overall water quality has an increasing trend in China.We summarized the main health hazards of water chemical,biological,and physical pollution.Among them,the chemical pollution has been the main feature of water pollution in China.The adverse health outcomes including carcinogenesis,teratogenesis,and endemic diseases resulting from the water chemical pollution are prominent,whereas water⁃borne communicable diseases resulting from the water bi⁃ological pollution still need to be vigilant.Based on these,we further put forward the countermeasures in terms of the management system,pollution control,and research need.These corresponding countermeas⁃ures include improvement of the laws and regulations on water environment,promotion of the precise pre⁃vention and control of water pollution,and enhancement of researches on water pollution and health risks,which will provide the references for the formulation of water pollution control policies and boost the con⁃struction of“Healthy China”.

关 键 词：水污染 水污染防治 水质 健康危害 

分 类 号：R123[医药卫生—环境卫生学]