长期施肥棕壤大豆产量的演变及土壤氮素分布特征  

Variation Characteristics of Soybean Yield and Soil Nitrogen Distribution in Brown Soil Under Long-Term Fertilization

作　　者：刘玉颖 沈丰 杨劲峰[1] 蔡芳芳[1] 付时丰[1] 罗培宇[1] 李娜[1] 戴健[1] 韩晓日[1] LIU YuYing;SHEN Feng;YANG JinFeng;CAI FangFang;FU ShiFeng;LUO PeiYu;LI Na;DAI Jian;HAN XiaoRi(College of Land and Environment,Shenyang Agricultural University/Monitoring&Experimental Station of Corn Nutrition and Fertilization in Northeast Region,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources,Shenyang 110866)

机构地区：[1]沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院/农业农村部东北玉米营养与施肥科学观测实验站/土肥高效利用国家工程研究中心,沈阳110866

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2023年第10期1920-1934,共15页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31972511、31471940)。

摘　　要：【目的】探究长期不同施肥模式下,东北棕壤大豆产量的演变、稳定性和可持续性及土壤氮素累积分布特征,为该地区制定合理的施肥措施,实现大豆的可持续绿色生产提供科学依据。【方法】基于始于1979年的棕壤肥料长期定位试验,轮作体系为玉米-玉米-大豆,选取其中的12个处理,分为化肥区:不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷肥配施(NP)、氮磷钾肥配施(NPK);低量有机肥区:单施低量有机肥(M_(1))、低量有机肥与化肥配施(M_(1)N、M_(1)NP、M_(1)NPK);高量有机肥区:单施高量有机肥(M_(2))、高量有机肥与化肥配施(M_(2)N、M_(2)NP、M_(2)NPK)。分析长期不同施肥下大豆产量的演变规律以及39年轮作施肥对大豆氮素吸收与收获期土壤氮素累积分布的影响。【结果】与不施肥处理(CK)相比,各施肥处理大豆平均产量均显著提高,且低量有机肥区和高量有机肥区大豆平均产量高于化肥处理,M_1NPK和M_2NPK处理平均产量最高,分别为3 147和3 238kg·hm^(-2),较NPK处理提高了9.5%和12.7%。灰色-线性回归模型结果表明,施用有机肥或有机肥与化肥配施处理年际可得趋势产量显著高于单施化肥处理。低量有机肥区各处理大豆产量的变异系数最低,稳定性好,产量可持续性指数(YSI)较高,介于0.41—0.51,均高于高量有机肥区各处理。配施有机肥大豆季肥料贡献率提高,但低量与高量有机肥区差异不显著。配施有机肥39年,大豆植株吸氮量较单施化肥处理增加,以低量有机肥区的M_(1)NPK处理最高,为314.2 kg·hm^(-2)。低量有机肥区,土壤矿质氮主要累积在0—60 cm土层,60—100 cm土层矿质氮累积量较低;有机肥与化肥配施各处理0—80 cm土层矿质氮累积高于M_(1)处理,可为作物吸收提供有效氮源,但80—100 cm土层矿质氮较上层土壤降低,减少了氮素淋失风险;其中,M_1NPK处理0—60 cm土层矿质氮累积最高,60—100 cm随土层深度增加矿质【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the evolution,stability and sustainability of soybean yield and characteristics of soil nitrogen(N)distribution in brown soil under different fertilization in a long-term experiment,so as to provide a scientific basis for making reasonable fertilization managements and realizing sustainable and green production of soybean in northeast region with brown soil.【Method】This study was based on the long-term fertilization experiment with brown soil,which began in 1979 with the crop rotation system of maize-maize-soybean,and 12 of the treatments were selected,including 4 chemical fertilization treatments(no fertilization(CK),single N fertilizer(N),N and phosphorus(P)fertilizer mixed application(NP),and N,P,and potassium(K)fertilizer compound application(NPK)),single application of manure at a low rate(M_(1)),manure at a low rate combined with chemical fertilizer(M_(1)N,M_(1)NP,M_(1)NPK),single application of manure at a high rate(M_(2)),and manure at a high rate combined with chemical fertilizer(M_(2)N,M_(2)NP,M_(2)NPK).The evolution of soybean yield under long-term different fertilization and the effects of 39-year crop rotation fertilization on nitrogen uptake of soybeans and soil nitrogen accumulation distribution at harvest stage were analyzed.【Result】Compared with the CK treatment,the average yield of soybean under each fertilization treatment was significantly improved,and those under the treatments with manure at low and high rate were higher than those at treatments with chemical fertilizer alone,and the average yield under M1NPK and M2NPK treatments were the highest with 3147 and 3238 kg·hm^(-2),respectively,which were 9.5%and 12.7%higher than that at NPK treatment.The results of the grey-linear regression showed that application with manure simply or combined with chemical fertilizer significantly increased the interannual yield compared with that with chemical fertilizer alone.The variation coefficient of soybean yield at treatments with manure at t

关 键 词：棕壤 大豆 产量稳定性与可持续性 灰色-线性回归模型 矿质氮 微生物量氮 

分 类 号：S565.1[农业科学—作物学] S158