切尔诺贝利核事故的危害及其治理困境——以俄罗斯、白俄罗斯和乌克兰政府报告为中心  

The Harm of Chernobyl Nuclear Accident and Its Governance Dilemma:Centered on the Reports of the Governments of Russia,Belarus and Ukraine

作　　者：梁红刚 LIANG Hong-gang

机构地区：[1]长春师范大学外国语学院,长春130012

出　　处：《吉林大学社会科学学报》2023年第3期192-205,239,240,共16页Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(15ZDB064)。

摘　　要：切尔诺贝利核事故是人类历史上第一次技术成因的重大核灾难。该起核事故导致大量放射性元素外泄到俄罗斯、白俄罗斯和乌克兰三个苏联加盟共和国境内,对其农业、林业和水生态系统造成严重污染,同时电离辐射对居民健康造成了极大危害,导致恶性肿瘤和其他疾病的发病率普遍升高。事故发生后,苏联政府采取一系列紧急措施以降低核事故的影响,但因战略和技术上的错误,导致一些措施产生了严重的负面影响。苏联解体后,俄罗斯、白俄罗斯和乌克兰三国开始主导核事故的治理工作。俄罗斯和白俄罗斯制定了治理核事故的国家纲领并在生态治理和居民社会保护领域采取了有针对性的举措。而乌克兰则因政局不稳和国家财政紧张,于2003年开始大幅削减核事故的治理经费,这导致很多治理措施无法推进并因此陷入核事故的治理困境。The Chernobyl nuclear accident was the first major nuclear disaster caused by technology in human history.The nuclear accident led to the leakage of large quantities of radioactive elements into the territories of the three republics of Russia,Belarus and Ukraine,causing serious pollution to their agricultural,forestry and aquatic ecosystems.At the same time,ionizing radiation caused great harm to the health of residents,resulting in a general increase in the incidence of malignant tumors and other diseases.After the accident,the Soviet government took a series of emergency measures to reduce the impact of the nuclear accident,but due to strategic and technical errors,some measures had serious negative effects.After the collapse of the Soviet Union,Russia,Belarus and Ukraine began to lead the management of nuclear accidents.Russia and Belarus had formulated national program for the management of nuclear accidents and had taken targeted measures in the fields of ecological governance and social protection of residents.However,Ukraine began to drastically cut the funds for the treatment of nuclear accidents in 2003 because of the unstable political situation and the tight national finance,which made it impossible to push forward many measures and thus leading to the governancedilemma ofnuclearaccidents.

关 键 词：苏联核污染治理 切尔诺贝利核事故 放射性元素 辐射污染 俄罗斯 白俄罗斯 乌克兰 

分 类 号：X771[环境科学与工程—环境工程]