日本公害健康损害补偿制度及其借鉴意义  

A Study on the Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation System in Japan and Its Enlightenments for China

作　　者：李晞萌 单红军[1] LI Ximeng;SHAN Hongjun(Law School,Dalian Maritime University,Dalian,Liaoning,116026,China)

机构地区：[1]大连海事大学法学院,辽宁大连116026

出　　处：《现代日本经济》2023年第3期84-94,共11页Contemporary Economy OF Japan

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“我国海洋生态损害赔偿基金制度研究”(17BFX209)。

摘　　要：为应对工业高速发展时期严重的公害状况,日本以1967年《公害对策基本法》为基础逐步建立了以救济公害健康受害者为出发点和落脚点的公害健康损害补偿制度。该项制度以损害救济社会化为思路,以“污染者负担”为原则,由政府向作为潜在污染原因者的企业征收税款,通过简易程序认定并给付受害者。客观而言,该项不以民事赔偿责任为前提的行政补偿制度具有救济迅速、避免冲突等优势。但随着环境意识的觉醒,限于将环境视作媒介而非保护客体的限定性公害概念,囿于过去类型化污染治理的个体主义方法论和功利性的传统人类中心主义价值观,日本公害健康损害补偿制度已无法适应社会对于环境保护的整体性要求。基于人与自然和谐共生的角度,我国生态保护补偿制度可借鉴日本公害健康损害补偿制度的损害社会化救济思路,但应摒弃该制度体现的功利性传统人类中心主义价值观,我国制度需充分体现人与生态环境并重保护的现代人类中心主义价值观。In order to address the serious pollution situation during the period of rapid industrial development,Japan has gradually established the pollution-related health damage compensation system centered on providing relief to health victims of pollution,based on the Pollution Countermeasures Basic Law.The system follows the theory of socialized damage relief,collects taxes from enterprises that are potential causes of pollution based on"Polluter Pays Principle",and the government identifies and compensates the victims through a simple procedure.In general,the administrative compensation system that does not presuppose civil liability for compensation has the advantages of quick relief and avoidance of conflicts.However,the core value of the system has obviously lagged behind,limited by the narrow public pollution concept that regards the environment as a medium rather than an object of protection.The pollution-related health damage compensation system is constrained by an individualistic methodology and utilitarian traditional anthropocentric values that typified past pollution control efforts,making it difficult to meet the holistic requirements of contemporary society for environmental protection.From the viewpoint of promoting harmonious coexistence between humans and nature,the ecological compensation system in China can learn from the compensation system for health damage caused by pollution in Japan,which advocates for socialized relief for harm.However,to better reflect the modern anthropocentric value of prioritizing the equal protection of humans and the ecological environment,the utilitarian and anthropocentric values embodied in the Japanese system should be discarded in China's related system.

关 键 词：日本 公害 公害健康损害补偿 损害救济社会化 生态保护补偿 

分 类 号：F13.313.45[经济管理—世界经济]