缴费给家乡的父母养老--制度结构约束下日韩养老金体系演进的共性与差异  

Evolution of Pension System in Japan and South Korea Under the Constraint of Institutional Structure:Commonalities,Differences,and Implications

作　　者：朱恒鹏[1,2] 潘雨晴 孙梦婷 Zhu Hengpeng;Pan Yuqing;Sun Mengting

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院经济研究所 [2]中国社会科学院大学经济学院 [3]中国社会科学院公共政策研究中心 [4]清华大学公共管理学院

出　　处：《国际经济评论》2023年第3期121-143,7,8,共25页International Economic Review

基　　金：中国社会科学院创新工程重大科研规划项目“国家治理体系与治理能力现代化研究”;亚洲发展银行项目“财政体制现代化视角下的公共服务与社会保障制度改革”的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：加大再分配力度、强化互助共济功能是中国社会保障事业发展的重要方向,日韩养老金制度从有限再分配向普遍福利转型的过程值得参考。本文通过构建制度结构的综合性分析框架,阐释两国养老金体系演进的共性与差异。早期日韩养老金制度的建立具有发展型特征,且与彼时的外部制度结构要素协调互补,有其历史合理性。但随着经济增长放缓引发的财政紧缩、基金赤字以及公民福利意识觉醒,有限再分配的保障制度引发社会矛盾,变革不可避免。在此过程中,两国不同的外部发展环境、社会经济基础、政党制度导致了差异化的制度模式与改革路径选择。日本由体系高度分散走向完全整合,实现了不同群体间的广泛互济;而韩国虽建立了覆盖城乡的统一制度,但特殊职业群体的制度仍然分立。中国养老金体制改革应吸取日韩两国的经验教训,缩小制度差距、促进制度融合。Strengthening redistribution and mutual aid are an important direction for the development of China's social security system,and the pension system transition from limited redistribution to universal welfare in Japan and South Korea can serve as a reference for China.By constructing a comprehensive analysis framework of institutional structure,this article explains the commonalities and differences in the evolution of the pension systems of those two countries.The establishment of the pension system in Japan and South Korea has developmental characteristics,and it is complementary with the external institutional and structural elementsat that time.However,with fiscal austerity,fund deficits and the awakening of citizens'welfare consciousness as a result of the economic slowdown,the limited redistribution system had become a trigger for social conflict,making reform inevitable.In the reform process,their different external development environments,social and economic foundations,and political systems have led to their different institutional models and reform paths.Japan has moved from a highly decentralized system to a fully integrated one,realizing extensive mutual aid among different groups.Although South Korea has established a unified system covering urban and rural residents,the system for special occupational groups remains separate.China should learn from the lessons of Japan and South Korea in carrying out its own pension system reform to narrow system gap and promote system integration.

关 键 词：日韩养老金制度 制度结构约束 共性与差异 国际经验 

分 类 号：F841.67[经济管理—保险]