鱼类遗传对喜马拉雅河流演化的记忆  

Genetic memory of fishes on river development in Himalayas

作　　者：李茜茜 钱建硕 黄俊豪 朱仁 林鹏程[2] 何德奎[2] LI Xixi;QIAN Jianshuo;HUANG Junhao;ZHU Ren;LIN Pengcheng;HE Dekui(School of Ecology and Environment,Tibet University,Lhasa 850000,Tibet Autonomous Region;Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan 430072,Hubei)

机构地区：[1]西藏大学生态环境学院,西藏拉萨850000 [2]中国科学院水生生物研究所,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2023年第3期819-837,共19页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：中国科学院(B类)战略性先导科技专项项目(批准号:XDB31040101);科技部第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(批准号:2019QZKK05010102);国家自然科学基金项目(批准号:32070436和31900374)共同资助。

摘　　要：喜马拉雅地区河流发育是青藏高原地学研究中最具争议的科学问题之一。一个多世纪以来曾有多种假说解释该地区河流奇特地貌的形成过程及其机制,但受可利用的研究材料所限,地学研究仍未取得一致性认识。现生淡水鱼类携带的遗传信息为认识河流的演化过程提供了生物学的解决方案。本研究采用喜马拉雅地区分布的裸裂尻鱼属(Schizopygopsis)和裸鲤属(Gymnocypris)鱼类为研究对象,在对其分布范围全覆盖采样的基础上(共计22个地理种群),采用线粒体cyt b基因,分析了种群遗传结构,并通过重建其谱系地理结构和演化历史,揭示喜马拉雅地区河流的发育历史。研究结果显示,520尾样本中,共检测到101个单倍型;每条水系均含有特有单倍型,但多庆错与亚东河,佩枯错与朋曲,以及雅鲁藏布江、帕隆藏布、然乌湖分别存在共享单倍型;朋曲、雅鲁藏布江、亚东河种群在晚更新经历了快速扩张;系统发育分析将喜马拉雅地区裸裂尻鱼属和裸鲤属鱼类分为4个高度支持的谱系,在空间上依次对应为西巴霞曲-错那、亚东、朋曲-佩枯错以及雅鲁藏布江中上游-帕隆藏布;分子估算的分化时间表明这些谱系的分歧发生在中更新世最大冰期(聂聂雄拉冰期)以来。分子谱系地理分析认为发育于大型南北向裂谷内的喜马拉雅南坡河流溯源侵蚀和河流袭夺是北坡的雅鲁藏布江鱼类向南坡水系扩散的决定性因素。在这个过程中,被袭夺的流域和湖泊扮演了北坡和南坡水系间鱼类扩散的“踏脚石”。基于鱼类遗传结构的证据认为,喜马拉雅地区的河流溯源侵蚀和袭夺很大程度上受喜马拉雅和西藏高原降水以及第四纪冰期影响。鱼类谱系从东往西依次分化的空间顺序反映了喜马拉雅地区南坡河流溯源侵蚀北坡水系的时序过程,即喜马拉雅东部地区的河流最先溯源侵蚀,而位于中喜马拉雅地The development of rivers in the Himalayas is one of the most controversial scientific issues in the study of the Tibetan Plateau.For more than a century,a variety of hypotheses have been put forward to explain the formation process and the underlying mechanism of the enigmatic landforms of the rivers in this region.However,due to the limitation of the available research materials,geoscience researches have not yet achieved a consensus on this issue.The genetic information of living freshwater fish provides biological evidences of reconstructing the development of rivers.The present study investigated the genetic diversity,phylogeographical structure and evolutionary history of genus Schizopygopsis and Gymnpcypris species from the Himalayas(22 geographical populations),using mitochondrial cytochrome b(cyt b)gene sequences.We attempt to use the evolution of freshwater fishes as a palaeoclimatic proxy to reveal the development of rivers in the Himalayas during the Quaternary.We identified 101 unique haplotypes from 520 individuals.Although each river system possessed its private haplotypes,but most of haplotypes were shared between the Duochen Tso and Yadong River,among Pengqu,Paiku Tso and Yarlung Tsangpo,and the Yarlung Tsangpo,Parlung Tsangpo and Lake Ranwu.The populations of Pengqu,the Yarlung Tsangpo and Yadong River had experienced rapid expansions since the Late Pleistocene.The phylogeographic structure of Schizopygopsis and Gymnpcypris was divided into four clades with high support,which are corresponding spatially to Subansiri-Tsona,Yadong,Phung Chu-Paiku Tso,and the middle and upper reaches of Yarlung Tsangpo-Palung Tsangpo populations.Tentative divergence dates for main cladogenetic events were occurred since the mid-Pleistocene Maximum Glaciation(Wangkun or Naynayxungla Glaciation).The phylogeographical evidences of fishes suggested that headward erosions and river captures of the southern slope of Himalaya,which usually occurred in the nearly NS-trending rifts in the Tibetan Plateau,are the critical fa

关 键 词：喜马拉雅 河流袭夺 溯源侵蚀 裂腹鱼类 谱系地理学 中更新世 

分 类 号：P534.631[天文地球—第四纪地质学] Q915.862[天文地球—古生物学与地层学] Q915.5[天文地球—地质学]