地学考古视角下的中国东北地区古人类生存行为模式探讨  

The survival behaviors of early humans of Northeast China:An empirical analysis on geoarchaeology

作　　者：徐静玥 汤卓炜[4] 裴树文[1,2] XU Jingyue;TANG Zhuowei;PEI Shuwen(Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100044;CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment,Beijing,100044;University of Chinese Academy of Science,Beijing 100049;Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University,Changchun 130012,Jilin)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京100044 [2]中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心,北京100044 [3]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [4]吉林大学边疆考古研究中心,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2023年第3期838-855,共18页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(批准号:2020YFC1521500)资助。

摘　　要：中国东北地区古人类活动的研究工作开展已近百年,产生了大量的研究材料与成果。然而,区域内古人类活动遗址空间分布的制约因素与古人类适应行为关系尚不明确。本研究从地学考古视角出发,利用地理信息系统与遗址数据库,系统整理旧石器时代东北地区的地质环境和气候信息,阐释遗址的时空分布特征;通过对遗址高程、坡度、坡向、到河流的距离等地学指标的提取与统计分析,结合古人类对石器原料的开发与技术适应策略,探讨东北地区古人类的环境适应与生存行为模式变化。结果表明,东北地区旧石器时代古人类遗址的时空分布与各时期的地质地貌环境有着密切关系。东北地区旧石器时代大致分为早期(500~128 ka B.P.)、中期(128~35 ka B.P.)和晚期(35~10 ka B.P.)等3个时期。旧石器时代早期,受松辽湖盆阻隔及渤海海侵影响,遗址零星分布于东北地区东南部;中期,受到气候波动与晚更新世海侵海退的影响,遗址集中分布于东南部狭长地带;到旧石器时代晚期,松辽湖盆疏干,古人类遗址广泛分布于整个东北地区。遗址地学指标分析反映出古人类活动空间向高地和旷野的不断扩张趋势。上述结果表明,随着时间的推移,古人类环境适应能力不断增强,能积极应对末次冰期极盛期的气候挑战,生存策略从早期的避险性转变向晚期的扩张性;古人类原料开发利用模式也折射出他们技术能力的增强与认知水平的提高。Ranging from 38°to 55°N,115°to 135°E,Northeast China plays a significant role in the exploration of early humans behavioral patterns in east Asia.Archaeological research in this region has witnessed skyrocketing development for nearly a century,with which abundant research materials and accomplishment achieved.However,inadequate attention was paid to the constraints of the spatial distribution of early human sites and the adaptive behavior of ancient humans during the Paleolithic in Northeast China.The early human behavior is closely related to the temporal-spatial pattern of Palaeolithic sites and geological and climatic environments.To identify the conspiracy relation,this paper presents a preliminary statistical analysis from the perspective of geoarchaeology.Systematically collating information on the archaeological site,geological environment,and climatic conditions in Northeast China during Paleolithic Age,this study analyzes spatial-temporal distribution patterns of sites(n=211)through geographic information system technique and the site database.Geological indexes such as elevation,slope,aspect,and distance to the river were extracted for statistical analysis.Connected with the strategies of ancient human exploitation and technological adaptation interpreted from stone tools,environmental adaptation and survival strategies of early humans in Northeast China were explored.The results suggest that the spatial-temporal distribution patterns of Paleolithic human sites in Northeast China are closely related to the geological and geomorphic environment of each period severally.The Paleolithic age in Northeast China can be classified into three periods:early(500~128 ka B.P.),middle(128~35 ka B.P.),and late(35~10 ka B.P.).In the early Paleolithic,the sites were scattered in the southeast of Northeast China due to the barrier of the Songliao Lake basin and the invasion of the Bohai Sea.Affected by climate fluctuation and Late Pleistocene transgression and regression in the middle Paleolithic,human-occupied sit

关 键 词：古人类分布 环境因素 空间分析 统计分析 中国东北地区 

分 类 号：Q981[天文地球—古生物学与地层学] P534.631[生物学—人类学]