江苏沭阳唐代江獭的发现——兼论江獭分布变迁  

Discovery of Tang Dynasty smooth-coated otter(Lutrogale perspicillata)in Shuyang,Jiangsu,with discussion on its shifting historical distribution

作　　者：陈曦[1,2] 伍苏明 王宣波 徐秋元 师宏伟 李权 江左其杲[7] CHEN Xi;WU Suming;WANG Xuanbo;XU Qiuyuan;SHI Hongwei;LI Quan;JIANGZUO Qigao(Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210023,Jiangsu;State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210008,Jiangsu;Suqian Museum,Suqian 223800,Jiangsu;Shuyang Museum,Shuyang 223600,Jiangsu;School of Geography,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210023,Jiangsu;Kunming Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Kunming 650201,Yunnan;School of Earth and Space Sciences,Peking University,Beijing 100871)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学文物与博物馆学系,江苏南京210023 [2]中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所,现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室,江苏南京210008 [3]宿迁市博物馆,江苏宿迁223800 [4]沭阳县博物馆,江苏沭阳223600 [5]南京师范大学地理科学学院,江苏南京210023 [6]中国科学院昆明动物研究所,云南昆明650201 [7]北京大学地球与空间科学学院,北京100871

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2023年第3期868-877,共10页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所现代古生物学与地层学国家重点实验室开放基金项目(批准号:193105);国家重点研发计划项目(批准号:2020YFC1521500)共同资助。

摘　　要：作为淡水生境的顶级捕食者,水獭的分布变迁反映了水域生态系统的演变。江苏沭阳吕台井出土的6件水獭亚科下颌骨,经考古分析和碳十四测年,年代为唐代前期。根据现生江獭(Lutrogale perspicillata)与欧亚水獭(Lutra lutra)的形态差异(前者尺寸更大、p4后附尖和m1下三角座更发育、下颌体更纤薄),确认吕台井标本分属江獭和欧亚水獭,其中江獭是纬度最高的出土记录。通过形态学研究,我国江獭还出土于中-晚更新世的安徽和县龙潭洞、广西荔浦洞穴、江西万年吊桶环,以及全新世早中期的广东英德牛栏洞、浙江余姚河姆渡、宁波傅家山、湖南洪江高庙等遗址。古文献考证表明,江獭和欧亚水獭分别对应了史料中的“猵(獱)”和“獭”;西汉至北宋时期,两者曾共存于黄淮流域。北宋以后,江獭从黄淮流域消失,反映了黄河泛滥导致的湖泊变迁;最终,江獭从我国大部分地区灭绝,现仅残存于珠江口和西双版纳。江獭在我国的区域性灭绝反映了人类活动对大型淡水水体的破坏。During the Holocene,zoogeography has changed dramatically in China.As a top predator,the distributional change of otters is an indicator of the evolution of freshwater ecosystems.In 2018,six otter mandibles were unearthed from Lütai well(34°18′26″N,118°45′21″E),located in the northern Huai River Basin in Shuyang County,Jiangsu Province.According to the archaeological context and carbon-14 dating,Lütai well was built during the Three Kingdoms period(220~280 A.D.),then abandoned followed by accumulation of deposits in the early Tang Dynasty(618~906 A.D.).In Lütai well,5.4-meter-thick deposits were excavated,and 276 bones(14 vertebrate species and 35 individuals)were identified.We investigated morphological and morphometric differences of the mandibles of three extant Chinese otter species(Asian small-clawed otter,Eurasian otter and smooth-coated otter).The morphology of the Asian small-clawed otter is the most specialized in terms of its thick mandible and robust cheek teeth.The smooth-coated otter is generally similar to the Eurasian otter,but differs in several respects including the larger size of the mandible and teeth,more developed posterior cusp of p4 and trigonid of m1,and thinner mandibular body.Based upon these diagnostic characters,otter specimens from Lütai well were identified as smooth-coated otter(five mandibles)and Eurasian otter(one mandible).The smooth-coated otters from Lütai well represent the highest-latitude ancient record of this species to date.In China,smooth-coated otters have also been recorded from Longtandong,Diaotonghuan(Middle-Late Pleistocene,Yangtze River basin),Lipu cave(Pleistocene,Pearl River Basin),Niulandong(Early Holocene,Pearl River basin),Hemudu,Fujiashan and Gaomiao(Middle Holocene,Yangtze River basin),indicating a wide former distribution in Southern China.Using Chinese historical documents,we examined records describing the appearance,behaviour and distribution of smooth-coated otters from the Western Han Dynasty(206 BC~25 A.D.)onward.Based on detailed hist

关 键 词：历史动物地理 淮河下游 黄泛区 唐代前期 江獭 全新世灭绝 

分 类 号：K871.43[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] Q915.874[历史地理—历史学]