《民法典》之留置权制度若干疑难问题探析  

Analysis on Some Difficult Problems of the Lien System in the Civil Code

作　　者：马涛 Ma Tao(College of Political Science and Law,Zhengzhou University of Light Industry,Zhengzhou City,Henan Province,450002)

机构地区：[1]郑州轻工业大学政法学院,河南郑州450002

出　　处：《黄河科技学院学报》2023年第6期73-78,共6页Journal of Huanghe S&T College

摘　　要：《民法典》关于留置权的规定比较完善,但在理解与适用方面仍存在诸多疑难问题。留置权一概优先于抵押权、质权,是留置权制度一大缺陷,应区分一般留置和企业留置。留置权人何时有权收取留置财产孳息、所收取留置财产孳息归属于谁、留置权人对所收取留置财产孳息是否享有优先权,法律均没有明确规定。应赋予债务人直接请求人民法院拍卖、变卖留置财产的权利,第三人应有权请求人民法院拍卖、变卖留置财产,应赋予留置权人主动及时行使留置权的义务以及债务人对留置权人怠于行使留置权的损害求偿权。这些方面也是法律需要完善的地方。留置财产解放不应以留置财产的丧失占有及留置权消灭为前提,应在保留留置权前提下,允许债务人和留置权人协商将留置财产转移债务人占有、利用;留置财产替换制度不同于接受另行提供担保制度,应考虑增设留置财产替换制度。The provision concerning the lien in the Civil Code is relatively complete,but there still exist many difficult problems in its understanding and the application.Lien has precedence over mortgage and pledge right,which is a major defect of lien system.We should distinguish between the general lien and enterprise lien.The law does not clearly stipulate when the lienholder has the right to collect the fruits of lien property,to whom the collected fruits of lien property belong,or whether the lienholder enjoys priority on the collected fruits of lien property.The debtor should be endowed with the right to directly request the people’s court to auction and sell the lien property,the third party should have the right to request the people’s court to auction and sell the lien property,the lienholder should be endowed with the obligation to actively and timely exercise the lien right,and the debtor should have the right to claim damages caused when the lienholder neglects exercising the lien right.These are also areas where the law needs to be improved.The emancipation of lien property should not be based on the loss of the possession of the lien property or the elimination of lien,however,on the premise of the retention of the lien,the debtor and the lienholder should be allowed to negotiate to transfer the lien property to the debtor for possession and use.The replacement system of the lien property is different from the system of accepting other security,and we should consider adding the replacement system of lien property.

关 键 词：《民法典》 留置权 孳息 留置财产解放 留置财产替换 

分 类 号：D923.3[政治法律—民商法学]