中国明清时代地权秩序的维系与凭证  

MAINTENANCE AND CERTIFICATE OF LAND RIGHT ORDER IN CHINA'S MING AND QING DYNASTIES

作　　者：邹亚莎 Zou Yasha(School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing)

机构地区：[1]School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing

出　　处：《China Legal Science》2023年第3期30-46,共17页中国法学（英文版）

摘　　要：在中国的明清时代,个人土地权利的正当性和合法性没有得到政府的明确确认,也没有上升为国家法典抽象和体系化的表达。国家权力在民事活动中的缺失,使民间社会自发形成了证明土地“来历”合法性和稳定管业秩序的机制。这一时期的大量司法案例和民间习惯说明,契约是土地权利合法性的重要证明、纠纷解决的直接证据,而并非是唯一的权限证书。从具体层面而言,契约、官方土地册籍、粮串、契税以及墓碑、族谱等共同为土地管业秩序提供合法性证明。从深层次而言,与西方的契约是私权与法律的产物不同,当时的社会关系与礼治文化是塑造传统社会独特契约文化和维系管业秩序的根本要素。In China's Ming and Qing dynasties,the legitimacy of individuals'land title was not clearly confirmed by the government,nor was it acknowledged in national codes by means of abstract and systematic expression.Given the lack of state intervention in civil activities,the civil society spontaneously established a mechanism to prove the legitimacy of the land's'origin'and stabilize the'property of land'system.A large number of judicial cases and folk customs in this period show that the contract is an important proof of the legitimacy of land title and direct evidence used in dispute settlement,but it is not,as Hiroaki Terada said,the only certificate of title.In practice,the contract,official land map,receipt of grain tax,deed tax,tombstone,and genealogy,etc.jointly provide legitimacy for the'property of land'system.On a deeper level,unlike the western contract,which is the product of the legal protection of private rights,the social relations and the rule by etiquette in China at that time were the fundamental elements in shaping the unique contract culture of traditional society and maintaining the system of'property of land'.

关 键 词：民间习惯 司法案例 纠纷解决 民事活动 契约文化 直接证据 私权 明清时代 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学] K248[历史地理—历史学]