欧盟与俄罗斯关系中的理性与非理性--以能源贸易为例  

Rationality and Irrationality in Russia-EU Relations:A Case of Energy Trade

作　　者：奥尔加·特罗菲缅科 邵鹏洁(翻译) Olga Trofimenko

机构地区：[1]圣彼得堡国立大学世界经济系 [2]华东师范大学外语学院俄语系

出　　处：《俄罗斯研究》2023年第2期102-123,共22页Russian Studies

摘　　要：欧盟与俄罗斯的经济关系自2014年起逐渐降温。2022年2月事件推动俄欧政治、经济、文化关系进一步恶化。过去相当长的一段时间里,欧盟曾是俄罗斯的主要贸易伙伴,双方合作互惠互利。共同的边境、长期的政治经济合作历史、深知彼此文化特点以及经济相互依存都决定了俄欧之间有可能、有必要开展深度经济合作。然而,经济关系已经成为双方间巨大政治分歧的牺牲品。双方在2014年后实施的一系列经济制裁已经给彼此造成了严重损失。欧盟对俄罗斯施加的极致压力都体现在一万多条大大小小的制裁中。在国际政治中,经济制裁也是一些国家为了实现其对外政治目标而实施的一个重要手段。这些经济制裁的重要性与日俱增,常常被用作对俄罗斯特别军事行动的回应。传统意义上制裁政策的制定主要是各国政府在参与。当今环境下,许多企业也开始针对世界局势积极表态。企业不再仅仅是规则的接受者、本国和国际规章制度的执行者,也开始成为这些规则的积极制定者。鉴于目前俄罗斯局势,许多外企和跨国企业都宣布要从俄罗斯境内完全撤出。一些企业宣布暂停业务,原因是供应链崩溃、汇率大幅波动以及俄罗斯信贷机构因遭受制裁而致使贸易支付困难。此外,在国际教育领域,俄罗斯联邦高校教育资源也被围堵,俄罗斯与其他国家的学术合作亦被冻结。然而,任何针对俄罗斯所实施的限制都会对被卷入制裁竞赛的国家和企业自身产生负面影响。但最致命的负面影响或许应与部分拒绝进口俄罗斯能源相关,俄罗斯联邦方面也对能源出口实行了限制。本文尝试厘清这些理性和非理性的决定,并尝试回答俄罗斯面对的两个永恒的问题:谁之过?怎么办?Since 2014 economic relations between the Russian Federation(RF)and the European Union(EU)have been gradually cooling down.The event of February 2022 became a catalyst in further deterioration of their political,economic,and cultural links.Actually during a rather long period the EU used to be Russia's key trade partner,and cooperation led to their mutual benefits.A common border,long-lasting history of economic and political cooperation,good understanding of cultural peculiarities,as well as economic interdependency were among factors that determine the possibility and necessity of their deep economic collaboration.Nevertheless,economic relationship has become a victim of dramatic political disagreement between two parties.Sets of mutual economic sanctions imposed after 2014 already led to losses for both partners.The EU's more than 10,000 various sanctions resulted in incredible pressure against Russia.In terms of international politics,economic sanctions provide important means for countries to achieve their foreign policy objectives.Their importance seems to be increasing over time,often as responses to Russia's special military operations.In current wave of sanctions not only governments are involved into developing sanction policies.Recently many businesses started to indicate their opinions on what is going on in the world.They are not just“rule-takers”any more,they are active as“rule-makers”.Companies not only act according to national and international rules and norms,but also indicate their positions on various types of events happening all around the globe.Considering the current situation in Russia,many foreign and transnational business entities announced their complete withdrawal from the territory of the country.Then they reformulated their statements to suspend work or supplies,explaining this by a break in supply chains,a sharp change in exchange rates,as well as difficulties with payment goods for deliveries due to sanctions against Russian credit institutions.In addition,educational mat

关 键 词：俄欧关系 俄欧能源贸易 俄欧能源合作 经济制裁 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]