欧洲主要国家养老金制度改革及其启示  

Pension Reforms in Major European Countries and Their Implications

作　　者：彭姝祎[1,2] Peng Shuyi(Institute of European Studies,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100732,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学外语学院 [2]中国社会科学院欧洲研究所

出　　处：《社会保障评论》2023年第2期62-75,共14页Chinese Social Security Review

摘　　要：过去二三十年来,在不可逆转的人口老龄化趋势下,为解决公共养老金制度的财政可持续难题,欧洲国家普遍以参数调整与结构性改革相结合的方式对养老金制度进行了改革,即一方面削减公共养老金的待遇水平,另一方面创建基金制的养老支柱,让市场发挥补充作用。改革有效提升了公共养老金制度的财政可持续性,但同时也削弱了整个养老金制度的再分配性质,使养老金待遇在不同代际、不同性别、不同收入、不同技能和学历、不同就业性质等的退休者之间出现较大差异,某些群体的老年贫困风险随之上升,养老金制度的充足性受到冲击。欧洲的经验显示,养老金制度改革是一个系统工程,需统筹兼顾财政可持续性和充足性两大要素,避免顾此失彼。In response to population aging,European countries have implemented parametric and structural reforms over the past two or three decades to improve the fiscal sustainability of public pension systems.These reforms have included reducing public pension entitlements and introducing funding-based pensions that allow the market to play a complementary role.While effective in improving fiscal sustainability,the reforms have also reduced the redistributive effects of pension systems,leading to significant disparities in pension entitlements among retirees of different generations,genders,income levels,skills,education levels,and employment types.As a result,some groups of people are now at greater risk of old-age poverty,and the adequacy of pension systems has been compromised.European experience suggests that pension reforms require a delicate balance between fiscal sustainability and adequacy,and should be approached as a systemic project.

关 键 词：欧洲国家 养老金改革 财政可持续性 充足性 

分 类 号：F842.67[经济管理—保险] F845