美国学校搜查权与学生隐私权的协调及其启示  

The Coordination between Schools'Search Power and Students'Privacy Right in the United States and Its Enlightenment

作　　者：郑曦[1] 张晴 Zheng Xi;Zhang Qing

机构地区：[1]北京外国语大学

出　　处：《青少年犯罪问题》2023年第2期133-143,共11页Issues on Juvenile Crimes and Delinquency

基　　金：北京外国语大学本科教学改革与研究项目“涉外法治人才培养中的问题与对策研究”(项目编号:XJJG202102)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：为保证青少年学生的健康成长和学校的管理秩序,赋予学校搜查权实属必要,但此种权力可能与学生的隐私权之间形成冲突,需要对二者加以协调。美国通过New Jersey v. T.L.O.等案件确定了学校搜查权的宪法属性,设置了较执法机关搜查更低的启动标准,从而确立起学校行使搜查权的基本制度框架。美国通过判例对学校在有特定怀疑和无特定怀疑两种场景下进行的搜查做了必要限制,此外还通过相关成文法的规定适当保护学生的隐私权,以期实现学校搜查权与学生隐私权的协调。参考美国的经验和教训,我国应当明确学校有包括搜查在内的充分教育管理手段,并为学校搜查权的行使提供必要的程序简化和制度保障,与此同时,还应运用比例原则对学校搜查权进行必要限制,从而实现其与学生隐私权的必要平衡。In order to ensure the healthy growth of young students and the management order of schools,it is necessary to give schools the search power,but this power may conflict with students'privacy right,and the two need to be coordinated.Through T.L.O.and other cases,the United States has determined the constitutional attribute of schools'search power,set a lower starting standard of it than of the search of law enforcement agencies,and thus established the basic institutional framework for schools to exercise the search power.The United States has made necessary restrictions on the search conducted by schools in the two scenarios of specific suspicion and no specific suspicion through jurisprudence.In addition,it has also appropriately protected students'privacy right through the provisions of relevant written laws,in order to achieve the coordination between school search power and students'privacy right.Referring to the experience of the United States,China should make it clear that schools should have sufficient educational management means,including search power,and provide necessary procedural simplification and institutional protection for the exercise of schools'search power.However at the same time,the principle of proportionality should be used to restrict school search power,so as to achieve the necessary balance between school search power and students'privacy right.

关 键 词：学校 搜查权 学生 隐私权 比例原则 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] DD911