世界贸易组织上诉机构的危机过程与未来发展  

The Crisis Process and Future Development of WTO Appellate Body

作　　者：杨国华[1] YANG Guohua

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《经贸法律评论》2023年第3期37-58,共22页Business and Economic Law Review

摘　　要：2015年底,WTO上诉机构两位成员顺利连任,但是连任与独立性的关系问题初见端倪。2016年在一位成员遴选迟迟不定的情况下,另一位成员的连任问题突如其来,引发了人们对独立性问题的强烈关注。进入2017年,借一位成员突然辞职之机,美国开始向上诉机构发难,明目张胆地阻挠成员遴选和连任,导致其成员在2018年只有4人,在2019年只有3人,而在2019年底只有1人,上诉机构彻底停止运作。因此,上诉机构的最后5年是盛极而衰的过程,其主要原因是美国的阻挠,而美国阻挠的主要原因则在于时任美国贸易代表对上诉机构的敌视。WTO上诉机构本来运转正常,是美国特朗普政府制造了危机。没有上诉机构,争端解决机制的功能出现缺陷。上诉仲裁安排开始发挥作用,并且可能会产生体制性影响。上诉机构短期内不会恢复运行,但是长期看势在必复。This article traces the origin of the WTO Appellate Body(AB)crisis and tries to describe a possible future of the AB.At the end of 2015,two members were reappointed,but reappointment and the AB independence became an issue of concern.Turning to 2016,while the selection of one member was pending,the reappointment of another member became an issue of serious concern on the AB independence.In 2017,with the sudden resignation of a member,the United States started to challenge the selection and reappointment to leave four members in 2018 and only one member at the end of 2019 and the AB stopped accepting new cases.For the AB,the last five years was a rise and fall,and its reason was the US.The WTO dispute settlement system is not complete without the AB although it is still dealing with new cases.During the time,the innovative appeal-arbitration started to replace the AB for some of the appeal cases,although it could lead to systematic impact on the system.In the short term,the AB could not be resumed,but it would necessarily come back in the long term.

关 键 词：世界贸易组织上诉机构 危机 上诉仲裁 多方临时上诉仲裁安排 

分 类 号：D993.9[政治法律—国际法学]