藏语安多温家牧区话音位特征及其演变规律  

On the Phonemic Characteristics and Changes of Amdo Tibetan Nomadic Dialect in Bon-rGya of Mang-Ra

作　　者：娘毛才让 傅千吉[2] sNying-Mo-Tshe-Ring;dPal-Chen Gyal(the School of Chinese Language and Literature,Northwest Minzu University;Supervisor at Northwest Minzu University)

机构地区：[1]西北民族大学中国语言文学学部 [2]西北民族大学

出　　处：《青海师范大学学报（藏文版）》2023年第1期111-128,共18页Journal of Qinghai Normal University (Tibetan language)

基　　金：2022年度甘肃省优秀研究生科研创新项目“语言接触视域下敦煌汉藏音译本语音对应关系研究”(2022CXZX-179);中央高校项目“多语种语言与人工智能创新团队”(1110130163)。

摘　　要：温家牧区位于青海省贵南县森多镇,独特的地理位置和生产生活方式使得与其他方言的接触较少,很大程度上保留了大量古藏语词汇和书面语音特征,有方言半孤岛特点。以藏语传统语法为理论基础,结合现代语言学、方言描写学、历史比较语言学和现场记音田野法等理论和研究方法,系统记录了安多温家牧区话。通过详细阐述元音和辅音语音特征,归纳音位体系,进而对温家牧区话的声母、韵母与安多书面语读音进行对比,系统分析了温家牧区话的语音演变及其规律,总结出其语音系统的具体变化规律:1.因单辅音声母在音节的位置不同,具有送气与不送气、清音与浊音交替等音位变体现象;2.在温家部落牧区话中与藏文前加字和上加字相对应的前置辅音有h、n{m/n}、m、r{ʂ}、p{ɸ}、w、ŋ、x等8个,且均可作为二合复辅音、三合复辅音声母的前置音,然而,温家话中前置辅音较丰富且其发音尤为明显,藏文前加字和上加字在该方言中是不可或缺的组成部分;3.藏文元音a、i、u、e、o在此方言中保留的并不均衡,受辅音韵尾音变的影响元音有7个变体。通过温家牧区话的语音分析,与古藏文语音材料或其他方言比较,我们可得知,温家牧区话具有语音系统复杂、组合方式多样的特点,与周边区域性方言相比较更具稳固性或接近藏语书面语音的特征,对安多方言和藏语语音演变研究具有重要的学术价值。This paper takes the traditional Tibetan grammar as the theoretical support,and uses modern linguistic research methods,including dialect description,historical comparative linguistics,field investigation,and field phonetic notation,etc.Bon-rGya tribe pastoral dialect is recorded in the International Phonetic Alphabet,and the phonemes are elaborated and summarized according to the different phonetic characteristics of vowels and consonants.Then the prefix and postfix of words in Bon-rGya pastoral dialect are compared with the written language,and the appearances in the spoken language of the dialect are further analyzed.A more comprehensive and systematic analysis of the phonetic changes and its laws,and specific changes are summarized as below:1.In different positions of the syllable,the single consonant prefixes have phonemic variations such as aspirated and unaspirated,and the alternation of voiceless and voiced.2.There are eight pre-consonants corresponding to the Tibetan prefixes and the upper-fixes,such as[h],[n]{m/n},[m],[r]{ʂ},[p]{ɸ},[w],[ŋ],[x],etc.It can be used as the pre-consonant of the consonants of two-syllable and triple-complex consonants.The pre-consonants presented in Bon-rGya dialect are richer and more obvious,and the prefix and upper-fix are still indispensable and unique in this dialect.3.The Tibetan vowels a,i,u,e,and o are not evenly preserved in this dialect.Due to the influence of the consonant rhyme and final change,the vowels become seven,although the newly generated vowels are variations of the original five vowels.To summarize,the phonetic system of Bon-rGya pastoral dialect is relatively complex,and the combination methods of the phonetics are diverse.Compared with the surrounding local dialects,it is more stable or close to the characteristics of Tibetan written language.The Amdo Bon-rGya pastoral dialect can also reflect a trace of the phonetic appearance of ancient Tibetan by comparing it with the phonetic pairings or other materials recorded in ancient historical documents.

关 键 词：安多方言 温家部落 语音研究 韵母 

分 类 号：H31[语言文字—英语]