个人数据权保护宪法分析:国际比较与中国进路  

Analysis of Constitutional Protection of Personal Data Rights:International Comparisons and China’s Path

作　　者：王广辉[1] 苗晓阳 Wang Guanghui;Miao Xiaoyang

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学法学院,湖北武汉430064

出　　处：《河南社会科学》2023年第5期37-47,共11页Henan Social Sciences

基　　金：中南财经政法大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目“养老服务体系建构中国家责任的宪法研究”(202210682)。

摘　　要：数字时代社会转型带来严峻挑战,社会共同体成员以不可直观的数据形式存在于网络空间。纵观世界各国相关法律实践,数据泄露事件屡见报端。科技异化叠加公权力的滥用侵蚀现代立宪精神,减损公民基本权利。在个人信息保护法律关系中,信息自由和私权保护的博弈既是个人信息保护法律关系的基本矛盾,也是各国宪法保护实践所要解决的基本问题。在各国不断深化个人信息重要性认识的同时,以欧陆国家与美国为代表的科技先发国家,展示出不一样的立法抉择与价值判断,分别形成了“信息自由”和“私权至上”两种不同的模式。个人信息自决权作为基本权利率先在德国登场,随后在欧陆国家宪法理论中得到长足发展。与之对应,美国通过系列宪法判例探究个人数据的宪法定位,Carpenter v.United States(2018)案将个人数据纳入宪法隐私权客体。这在反映不同法律文化的同时,也体现出不同国家对宪法审查运用的强调,以此平衡个人信息的个体性与公共性。被称为我国数据领域“基本法”的《个人信息保护法》自出台便备受关注。全面认识个人数据权这一新兴基本权利的各国实践,需要基于比较法的范式,在基本权利原理指引下,开展学理继受与实践演变的脉络性考察。The digital transformation in the era of information brings about severe challenges,as members of the social community exist in the online space in the form of intangible data.Data breaches have become prevalent worldwide,accompanied by the misuse of technology and abuse of public power,eroding the spirit of modern constitutionalism and undermining basic rights of citizens.In the legal realm of personal data protection,the tension between information freedom and privacy protection constitutes a fundamental contradiction in the legal relations of personal data protection,which needs to be addressed in constitutional protection practices across countries.While deepening their understanding of the significance of personal data,technologically advanced countries,represented by continental European countries and the United States,have adopted different legislative choices and value judgments,resulting in two distinct models:“information freedom”and“primacy of privacy”.The right to personal data autonomy,as a fundamental right,has first emerged in Germany and has since developed substantially in constitutional theories of continental European countries.In contrast,the United States has explored the constitutional position of personal data through a series of constitutional precedents,with the Carpenter v.United States(2018)case incorporating personal data into the object of constitutional privacy rights.This reflects not only different legal cultures but also different countries’emphasis on the application of constitutional review to balance the individuality and public nature of personal information.China’s Personal Information Protection Law,known as the“fundamental law”in the field of data,has attracted significant attention since its promulgation.A comprehensive understanding of the practices concerning the emerging fundamental right of personal data requires a comparative legal framework and an examination of the theoretical inheritance and practical evolution guided by the principles of fundamenta

关 键 词：个人数据权 基本权利双重性质 国家保护义务 比较宪法 

分 类 号：D9[政治法律—法学]