不同施肥模式对高原洋葱产量、养分吸收及氮肥利用的影响  

Effects of different fertilization modes on yield,nutrient absorption and nitrogen utilization of onion in plateau

作　　者：喻华[1,2] 熊忠伟 江云 陈琨 上官宇先[1] 周子军[1] 秦鱼生 YU Hua;XIONG Zhong-wei;JIANG Yun;CHEN Kun;SHANG GUAN Yu-xian;ZHOU Zi-jun;QIN Yu-sheng(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Enviroment,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Chengdu Sichuan 610066;Vegetable Variety Improvement and Germplasm Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu Sichuan 610066;Agruiculture and Rural Bureau of Yanyuan County,Yanyuan Sichuan 615700)

机构地区：[1]四川省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,四川成都610066 [2]蔬菜品种改良与种质资源创新四川省重点实验室,四川成都610066 [3]盐源县农业农村局,四川盐源615700

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2023年第3期88-94,共7页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：四川省财政创新能力提升工程专项(2019QNJJ-016);四川省财政专项资金(2017CYTS-014);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0201210-3)。

摘　　要：洋葱是四川省攀西高原的一种主要蔬菜,但鲜有其营养特性及施肥技术的报道,以当地主栽洋葱品种为试验材料,通过试验设置PK、农户习惯(630-300-420)、氮磷钾优化减量(540-270-330)(NPK)、NPK+中微肥、有机肥替代30%化肥(70%CN+30%ON)、控释掺混肥(40%控释N+60%常规N)共6个处理,研究不同施肥模式对洋葱产量及氮、磷、钾养分吸收及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,生长期洋葱养分需求量顺序为氮>钾>磷,收获时洋葱氮、磷和钾比例为8.4∶1∶7.8;每生产1000 kg洋葱吸收氮2.30~2.52 kg、磷(P_(2)O_(5))0.57~0.69 kg,钾(K_(2)O)2.45~2.84 kg。NPK+中微肥施肥模式的洋葱产量、氮表观回收率、氮偏生产力和农学效率均最高,较农户习惯施肥分别增加8685 kg/hm^(2)、17.06%、47.89 kg/kg和24.96 kg/kg。氮磷钾优化减量、有机肥替代30%化肥和控释掺混肥3种模式的洋葱产量、氮表观回收率、氮偏生产力和农学效率较农户习惯施肥处理平均增加7230 kg/hm^(2)、10.1%、45.20 kg/kg、22.27 kg/kg。因此,在攀西高原洋葱高产高效生产中,建议在适量的氮、磷、钾用量(分别为510~540、240~270、300~330 kg/hm^(2))的基础上优先配施中微量元素肥料,并结合有机肥替代化肥和缓控释肥施用,可实现化肥减量增效的目标。Onion is a main vegetable in panxi plateau of Sichuan province.but there were few reports on nutritional characteristics and fertilization technology of onion planting.Taking the locally onion varieties as the experimental materials,the effects on the absorption and utilization of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,yield and nitrogen utilization of onion were studied with different fertilization modes.The experiment set six treatments:PK,farmers'fertilization(NPK)(630-300-420),optimized fertilization(540-270-330),NPK+medium and micro fertilizer,organic fertilizer instead of 30%chemical fertilizer(70%CN+30%ON),controlled-release mixed fertilizer(40%controlled-release N+60%conventional N).The results showed that the order of nutrient demand of onion in growth was nitrogen>potassium>phosphorus.The ratio of nitrogen,phosphorus(P_(2)O_(5))and potassium(K_(2)O)in onion was 8.4∶1∶7.8;For every 1000 kg onion produced,it absorbed 2.30~2.52 kg of N,0.57~0.69 kg of P_(2)O_(5)and 2.45~2.84 kg of K_(2)O.The highest yield,nitrogen apparent recovery rate,nitrogen partial productivity and agronomic efficiency of onion were ocurred in NPK+medium and micro fertilizer treatment,which increased by 8685 kg/hm^(2),17.06%,47.89 kg/kg and 24.96 kg/kg respectively compared with farmers'fertilization.The average yield,nitrogen apparent recovery rate,nitrogen partial productivity and agronomic efficiency of the three treatments(NPK,70%CN+30%ON and 40%controlled-release N+60%conventional N)increased by 7230 kg/hm^(2),10.1%,45.20 kg/kg and 22.27 kg/kg on average,respectively,compared with farmers'fertilization treatment.Therefore,it is suggested that priority should be given to the application of medium and trace element fertilizer,combined organic fertilizer instead of partly chemical fertilizer and controlled-release N based on the appropriate amount of N,P_(2)O_(5)and K_(2)O(510~540,240~270 and 300~330 kg/hm^(2)),so as to achieve the goal of reducing chemical fertilizer and increasing efficiency.

关 键 词：施肥模式 洋葱 产量 氮表观回收率 

分 类 号：S633.2[农业科学—蔬菜学]