莫迪政府农业改革与印度国家治理困境——基于国家社会关系视角的解释  

Modi Government s Agricultural Reform and the Dilemma of India sState Governance:An Analysis Based on State-Society Relations

作　　者：王凯 Wang Kai

机构地区：[1]中共四川省委党校(四川行政学院)

出　　处：《印度洋经济体研究》2023年第3期116-133,155,共19页Indian Ocean Economic and Political Review

基　　金：复旦大学陈树渠比较政治发展研究中心基金项目“运动型政党的国家治理逻辑——基于印度人民党的案例研究”(项目批准号:CCPDS-FudanNDKT22009)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：制度与结构是理解印度国家治理的两条逻辑主线。然而,“制度优势说”并不能有效解释印度面临的国家治理困境,特定政策领域背后的社会结构才是问题根源所在。印度的社会异质化程度较高,形成了众多游离于国家官僚体系之外、由“地方强人”支配的权力中心,社会控制分布高度碎片化,国家社会关系呈现“强社会—弱国家”的状态。由于联系国家与社会的系统性权威缺失,调整既有利益关系的基础性改革将面临强大社会势力的反对和抵制,在大概率上会遭遇失败。因此,国家无法按照自身的意愿和设计来改造社会,有时甚至是“社会控制了国家”,这就是印度国家治理困境的形成机制。基于莫迪政府农业改革的案例分析印证了上述判断,农业改革失败是当代印度国家治理困境的一个缩影,也有助于加深对其他发展中国家治理困境的认识和理解。因此,重塑良性互动的国家社会关系是印度推动农业改革以及国家治理能力现代化的关键。Institution and structure are the keys to understand India s state governance,while“institutional advantage theory”cannot explain the governance dilemma in India and the social structure in specific policy is the root of the problem.India has a high degree of social heterogeneity,which lead to many power centers outside the state bureaucracy and dominated by“local strongmen”,and the distribution of social control is highly fragmented and the state-society relations presents“strong society-weak state”.Due to the lack of authority linking the state and society,fundamental reforms which aims to adjust interest distribution will face opposition from powerful social forces.The state cannot transform the society accordingly,and sometimes even“society controls the state”,so this is the formation mechanism of India s state governance dilemma.Case study on Modi government s agricultural reform confirms above judgments,which reflects the governance dilemma in contemporary India and helps deepen understanding of governance dilemmas in other developing countries.Therefore,how to shape cooperative state-society relations is the key to India s agricultural reform and the modernization of governance capacity.

关 键 词：国家治理 国家社会关系 社会控制 莫迪政府 农业改革 

分 类 号：F335.1[经济管理—产业经济] D735.1[政治法律—政治学]