云冈石窟顶部第四纪土壤覆盖层含水率变化特征及洞窟渗漏水问题探讨  

Discussion on the variation characteristics of water content of Quaternary soil cover on the top of Yungang Grottoes and the problem of water seepage in caves

作　　者：任建光 孟田华[2] 黄继忠[3] 石美风 任志伟[1] REN Jianguang;MENG Tianhua;HUANG Jizhong;SHI Meifeng;REN Zhiwei(Yungang Research Institute,Datong 037007,China;Shanxi Datong University,Datong 037000,China;Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444,China;Shanxi Museum,Taiyuan 030024,China)

机构地区：[1]云冈研究院,山西大同037007 [2]山西大同大学,山西大同037000 [3]上海大学,上海200444 [4]山西博物院,山西太原030024

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2023年第3期80-86,共7页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：国家社会科学基金(19BKG035)资助。

摘　　要：为研究云冈石窟顶部土壤覆盖层的含水率变化情况,建设了土壤环境监测网收集云冈石窟土壤含水率实时监测数据,并分析其时空变化特征及影响因素。结果表明,平坦地形条件下云冈石窟顶部第四纪土壤覆盖层含水率时空变化特征明显:年变化具有周期性,垂向上随深度逐层降低(冬季除外)。春、夏季土壤含水率抬升、储水,秋、冬季下降、失水;在春、夏日土壤含水率呈白天上升、夜晚下降趋势,秋、冬日则呈白天下降、夜晚也下降趋势。土壤含水率时刻处于不停的运动变化之中,受温度、大气降水、微地形等众多因素影响,山体边坡浅层土壤可能为侧向饱和流的入渗通道。降雨对土壤含水率的影响深度与实际入渗深度不一致。云冈窟内顶板及岩壁上部、中部含水率主要受降雨渗透窟顶土壤层、沿岩体裂隙通道进入洞窟的渗漏水控制,而岩壁底部含水率更多受窟前不饱带和与地下毛细水的影响。多年的防水实践也证明云冈洞窟渗漏水主要来自于石窟顶部及附近区域。防渗排水始终是云冈洞窟渗漏水治理的主导思路,建议应根据窟顶土壤厚度、地形地貌和遗址分布等分区治理,充分发挥土壤的防渗作用,减少对土壤覆盖层的过度干预。防渗层材料在具有防渗作用的前提下,应具备一定的透气性,满足“洞窟—覆盖层—大气环境”之间的水汽循环。Under the condition of flat terrain,the spatial and temporal characteristics of the water content of Quaternary soil cover on the top of Yungang Grottoes are obvious:the periodic annual change and vertical decrease with the depth layer by layer(except in winter).The soil water content increases to store water in spring and summer and decreases to lose water in autumn and winter.In spring and summer,the soil water content increases during the day and decreases at night;in autumn and winter,it decreases both during the daytime and at night.The soil water content is constantly changing,affected by many factors such as temperature,atmospheric precipitation and micro-topography,etc.The shallow soil of the mountain slope may be the infiltration channel of the lateral saturated flow.The influence depth of rainfall on soil water content is inconsistent with the actual infiltration depth.The water contents of the roof and the upper and middle parts of the rock wall is mainly controlled by rainfall infiltrating the topsoil layer of the cave and seepage water entering the cave along rock fissure channels,while the water content at the bottom of the rock wall is more affected by the unsaturated zone in front of the cave and underground capillary water.Years of waterproofing practice have also shown that the seepage water of Yungang Grottoes mainly comes from the top of the grottoes and nearby areas.Anti-seepage drainage has always been the leading idea for the management of seepage water in Yungang Grottoes.It is suggested that regional treatment be carried out according to the topsoil depth,terrain feature and site distribution,to give full play to the anti-seepage effect of soil and reduce excessive intervention in the soil cover.Under the premise of anti-seepage effect,the material for the anti-seepage layer should have certain permeability to meet the requirements of water vapor circulation between the cave,cover layer and atmospheric environment.

关 键 词：云冈石窟 第四纪土壤覆盖层 含水率 洞窟渗漏水 

分 类 号：K879.2[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]