新型疫苗佐剂研究进展  

Research Progress of Novel Vaccine Adjuvants

作　　者：韩冰[1] 汤思淇 朱大帷 李海玲 冯亚莉[1] 苏超凡 徐艺娜 冷昊钰 王永涛 张月美 太晓春 张莹[1] HAN Bing;TANG Siqi;ZHU Dawei;LI Hailing;FENG Yali;SU Chaofan;XU Yina;LENG Haoyu;WANG Yongtao;ZHANG Yuemei;TAI Xiaochun;ZHANG Ying(Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases,Ministry of Education,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research in Liaoning Province,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,Shenyang Agricultural University,Shenyang 110866,China;Agricultural Development Service Center of Liaoning Province,Shenyang 110033,China;Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Products Center of Gaotang County,Liaocheng 252800,China;Shandong Haili Biological Products Co.,Ltd.,Weifang 262233,China)

机构地区：[1]沈阳农业大学动物科学与医学学院,重要家畜疫病研究教育部重点实验室,辽宁省人畜共患病研究重点实验室,沈阳110866 [2]辽宁省农业发展服务中心,沈阳110033 [3]高唐县畜牧水产事业中心,聊城252800 [4]山东海利生物制品有限公司,潍坊262233

出　　处：《中国畜牧兽医》2023年第6期2460-2467,共8页China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine

基　　金：辽宁省“兴辽英才计划”项目(XLYC2007114);辽宁省重点研发项目(2020JH2/10200035)。

摘　　要：佐剂是增强和调节疫苗抗原免疫反应的免疫刺激物,与抗原一起使用能产生更强的免疫反应。佐剂能激活机体的天然免疫系统,当佐剂和抗原同时或预先注射到机体内,可改变抗原的形态并延长抗原在体内的滞留时间,促进单核吞噬细胞对抗原的递呈能力及刺激淋巴细胞增殖分化,从而增强机体对抗原的免疫应答或改变免疫应答类型。佐剂的发展史长达一百多年,目前使用最广泛的疫苗佐剂是铝佐剂,传统的灭活疫苗在很大程度上依靠以铝盐为主的复合物作为主要佐剂。但近年来,随着基因工程技术和生物技术的飞速发展,重组疫苗、基因工程载体疫苗、核酸疫苗等新型疫苗逐步被开发出来,这些新型疫苗与传统疫苗相比往往存在免疫应答能力差等问题,早期的抗原不纯导致传统的铝盐佐剂已无法满足需要。为解决新型疫苗免疫原性差的问题,科研人员致力于开发广谱且高效的新型疫苗佐剂用来增强新型疫苗的作用。新型疫苗佐剂种类繁多,功能各不相同且机制较为复杂,可分为新型油乳佐剂、脂质体佐剂、CpG寡核苷酸佐剂、细胞因子佐剂、纳米佐剂、多糖佐剂及复合系统类佐剂等。笔者对疫苗佐剂的发展史、作用机制及新型疫苗佐剂的分类进行分析和评述,以期为新型疫苗佐剂的研制及开发提供参考。Adjuvants are immune stimulators that enhance and regulate the immune response of vaccine antigens.They can produce stronger immune response when used together with antigens.Adjuvants can activate the host’s innate immune system.When adjuvants and antigens are injected into the body at the same time or in advance,they can change the shape of antigens and prolong their retention in the body,promote the presentation ability of mononuclear phagocytes to antigens and stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes,thereby enhancing the host’s immune response to antigens or changing the type of immune response.Adjuvants have a history of more than 100 years.At present,the most widely used vaccine adjuvant is aluminum adjuvant.Traditional inactivated vaccines rely largely on aluminum salt based compounds as the main adjuvant.However,in recent years,with the rapid development of genetic engineering technology and biotechnology,recombinant vaccines,genetic engineering vector vaccines,nucleic acid vaccines and other novel vaccines have been gradually developed.Compared with traditional vaccines,these novel vaccines often have problems such as poor immune response.Due to the early antigen impurity,the traditional aluminum adjuvant can no longer meet the needs.In order to resolve the problem of poor immunogenicity of novel vaccines,researchers are committed to developing novel broad-spectrum and efficient vaccine adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of novel vaccines.Novel vaccine adjuvants have various types,different functions and complex mechanisms.They can be divided into novel oil emulsion adjuvants,liposome adjuvants,CpG oligonucleotide adjuvants,cytokine adjuvants,nano adjuvants,polysaccharide adjuvants and complex system adjuvants.Therefore,the development history,mechanism of action and classification of novel vaccine adjuvants were analyzed and summarized in this review,which would provide reference for the development of novel vaccine adjuvants.

关 键 词：疫苗佐剂 新型佐剂 免疫 纳米佐剂 手性佐剂 

分 类 号：S859.797[农业科学—临床兽医学]