论民间法教与闾山教的历史演变  

On the Historical Evolution of Taoism,Magic Religion and Lushan Sect

作　　者：李黎鹤 李远国[2] Li Lihe;Li Yuanguo(Sichuan Media University,Chengdu 611745;Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences,Chengdu 610072,China)

机构地区：[1]四川传媒学院,成都611745 [2]四川省社会科学院,成都610072

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2023年第3期94-110,共17页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

摘　　要：“法教”之称,见于战国史籍,是指以法度教化民众,以法律管理社会,而与宗教无关。作为专用名词,用“法教”以指道教、佛教,是在汉唐时期。历史上的正一道、全真道,都曾经自称“法教”。至唐宋时期,则将新兴的道教北帝派、天心派、神霄派、清微派、净明道,直接称为“法教”。明清时期,“法教”又被众多的民间宗教如闾山教、三奶派、普庵教、梅山教、元皇派、淮南教等所采用,并呈现出一些新的特征。这些自称为“法教”的民间宗教组织,他们的法师多精通符箓咒术,罡步指诀,并自立祖师,广设法坛,传法授徒,多以“法”证传承,历代祖师都是以“法”字取号。他们自称拥有超凡的神通灵能,能够驱邪煞鬼,而缺乏经典教仪的传承,极具民间宗教自创自立的特性,因此可以归类为法教。闾山教始见于宋代,因其祖师陈靖姑神通广大,成为闽南地区最大的法教,其影响深远,广泛地传播于中国南方。"Fa Jiao"in many documents of the Warring States Period,meant to educate the people and manage the society by law,not religion.As a special noun,"Magic Religion"was used to refer to Taoism and Buddhism during the Han and Tang Dynasties.In history,Zhengyi Taoism and Quanzhen Taoism once called themselves"Magic Religion."During the Tang and Song Dynasties,the emerging Taoism Beidi Sect,Tianxin Sect,Shenxiao Sect,Qingwei Sect and Jingming Sect were directly called"Magic Religion."During the Ming and Qing dynasties,"Magic Religion"was adopted by many folk religions,such as Lushan Sect,Sannai Sect,Pu'an Sect,Meishan Sect,and Yuanhuang Sect,and showed some new characteristics.These folk religious organizations that call themselves"Magic Religion,"their masters are mostly proficient in talisman and charm,and pacing the mainstay and the dipper,and they establish their own ancestors,widely set ceremonial altars,impart the"fa"and teach disciples,and prove their inheritance through"magic."The ancestors of all dynasties are named by"magic."They claim to have supernatural powers,and can exorcise evil spirits,but lack the inheritance of classical teachings,and have the characteristics of self-creation and self-reliance of folk religions,so they can be classified as"Magic Religion."Lushan Sect appeared in the Song Dynasty,and has become the largest legal religion in southern Fujian,and widely spread in southern China.

关 键 词：法教 正一道 全真道 神霄派 清微派 闾山教 以法取号 重视道法 

分 类 号：B929[哲学宗教—宗教学]