H.264/AVC自适应视频水印算法  

Algorithm for H.264/AVC adaptive watermarking

作　　者：王泳 黄俊毓 陈艺芳 张峻 陈晓宗 WANG Yong;HUANG Junyu;CHEN Yifang;ZHANG Jun;CHEN Xiaozong(School of Cyberspace Security,Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University,Guangzhou 510630,China)

机构地区：[1]广东技术师范大学网络空间安全学院,广东广州510630

出　　处：《西安电子科技大学学报》2023年第3期95-104,共10页Journal of Xidian University

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(61672173,62102100);广州市科技计划(202201011258);广东技术师范大学校级科研项目(2021SDKYA127)。

摘　　要：H.264/AVC视频数字水印在视频版权保护和信息隐藏等方面具有重要作用。目前,已有的水印研究,在水印嵌入过程中缺乏考虑视频画面复杂程度不断变化的问题,从而易导致两种后果:一是可能无法在画面复杂程度低的帧完整嵌入所需水印;二是无法充分利用画面复杂程度高的帧的冗余度。由此,分析在视频编码过程中与视频画面复杂程度相关的因素,提出一种根据视频画面复杂程度自适应嵌入水印的视频数字水印算法。在所提算法中,根据上一关键帧中符合嵌入条件的Intra_4×4子宏块的总个数预测获得当前关键帧的画面复杂度,并依据此复杂度自动调整每一水印比特重复嵌入的次数,从而达到自适应的目的。当由于预测失误而导致某一帧的水印嵌入失败,水印提取端则会舍弃该帧提取出的水印。提取端采用多数表决的机制提取水印。实验结果显示,该算法的水印具有良好的不可见性,且能保证码流的稳定性,优于近期相关文献的算法。算法对以重复嵌入水印比特为基础的研究具有启发意义。H.264/AVC video watermarking plays an important role in video copyright protection and information hiding.At present,the existing watermarking researches lack the consideration of the variable complexity of the video frame in the process of watermark embedding,which can easily lead to two problems:first,these watermark algorithms may not be able to fully embed the required watermark in frames with low picture complexity,and second,the redundancy of frames with high picture complexity cannot be fully utilized.Therefore,in this paper we analyze the factors of frame complexity in the process of video coding,and propose an adaptive watermarking algorithm based on the complexity of the video frame.In the proposed algorithm,the complexity degree of the current key frame is predicted using the total number of Intra_4×4 sub macroblocks of the previous key frame that satisfy the embedding conditions.The repetition time of embedding for each watermark bit is adjusted automatically according to the predicted complexity degree to achieve adaptiveness.A key frame with a prediction error is labelled an invalid frame.The watermark extraction is conducted by majority voting.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieves watermark invisibility,and code stream stability as well,which outperforms the other recent algorithms.The algorithm is instructive to the research based on repeatedly embedding watermark bits.

关 键 词：H264 数字水印 自适应 多数表决 

分 类 号：TP391[自动化与计算机技术—计算机应用技术]