现代汉语普通话和方言的[已经]式及其反义式  

On the Constructions Denoting ALREADY and their Antonyms in Contemporary Chinese

作　　者：覃远雄 QIN Yuanxiong

机构地区：[1]南昌大学人文学院,南昌 [2]中国社会科学院语言研究所,北京

出　　处：《方言》2023年第2期209-219,共11页Dialect

摘　　要：本文描写现代汉语普通话和方言[已经]式及其反义式。普通话[已经]式常见的有“已经X”、“X了_(2)”、“已经X了_(2)”三种。其反义式是[仍然]式,常见的是“还X”。[已经肯]与[仍然否]互为反义,[已经否]与[仍然肯]互为反义。方言[已经肯]反义式大体三类:1)如同普通话,[已经肯]与[仍然否]互为反义;2)[已经肯]与[未]互为反义;3)[已经肯]与[未]/[仍然否]互为反义。[仍然肯]与[已经否]互为反义。实际[仍然否]、[未]是[已经肯]的否定;[已经否]是[仍然肯]的否定。This paper describes the constructions denoting ALREADY and their antonyms in both Putonghua and Chinese dialects.Common ALREADY-expressing constructions in Putonghua are yijing已经+X,X+le了_(2),and yijing已经+X+le了_(2).Their antonyms are constructions denoting STILL,the common one of which is hai还+X.The affirmative ALREADY and negative STILL constructions are antonyms while the negative ALREADY and affirmative STILL constructions are antonyms.According to the antonym of the affirmative ALREADY,this paper divides Chinese dialects into three types,I.the affirmative ALREADY and the negative STILL constructions are antonyms;II.the affirmative ALREADY constructions and the wei未constructions are antonyms in dialects;and III.the affirmative ALREADY constructions and the wei未constructions or the negative STILL constructions are antonyms.The affirmative STILL and the negative ALREADY constructions are antonyms.In fact,the negative STILL and the wei未constructions are antonyms of the affirmative ALREADY while the negative ALREADY constructions are the antonyms of the affirmative STILL constructions.

关 键 词：普通话 方言 已经 了_(2) 仍然 还 未(没曾/盟/吂) 

分 类 号：H17[语言文字—汉语] H146.3