从小农户经营到规模经营:土地流转与农业生产效率  

From Smallholders to Large-scale Farmers:Land Rental and Agricultural Productivity

作　　者：盖庆恩[1] 李承政 张无坷 史清华[3] GAI Qing'en;LI Chengzheng;ZHANG Wuke;SHI Qinghua(Institute of Finance and Economics,Shanghai University of Finance and Economics;Institute for Econmic and Social Research,Jinan University;Antai College of Economics and Management,Shanghai Jiao Tong University)

机构地区：[1]上海财经大学财经研究所,200433 [2]暨南大学经济与社会研究院,510632 [3]上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院,200030

出　　处：《经济研究》2023年第5期135-152,共18页Economic Research Journal

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(71903074,72073087,72173085);国家社会科学基金重大项目(21&ZD077);上海市社科规划课题(2020BJL001);上海市“曙光计划”(22SG32);上海交通大学现代金融研究基金(202204)的资助。

摘　　要：土地流转是中国农业生产实现从小农户到规模经营转型的关键。本文构建理论模型刻画了土地流转、农户就业选择与农业生产效率间的关系,强调土地流转不仅能直接提高农地配置效率,还通过影响农户就业选择和技术采用,间接提高农业全要素生产率,并估计了土地流转对农户转型和农业生产的影响程度。定量结果表明,若有效配置土地资源,农业生产将实现从小农户到规模经营的转型,农业全要素生产率还将提高71.02%。劳动力市场改革、农产品价格调整等均会影响农户转型和农业生产效率。Land is one of the essential factors for agricultural production.Hence,efficient allocation of land resource is important to improve rural employment,agricultural production as well as economic growth.At the beginning of the reform and opening up,the household contract responsibility system which motivated rural contact land and engage in agricultural production,have played a key role in the recovery and development of rural economy.However,the land is distributed equally among the rural population and is unrelated to the productivity of the farmers in the household contract responsibility system,and due to the insecure property rights and underdeveloped land rental markets,problems such as small-scale operations,land fragmentation,and inefficiency in land allocation are universal.As the rural reform proceeds,the Chinese government has issued lots of policies to promote land rental activities and develop appropriate-scale operations in various forms.In a word,land rental is considered to be the key to realize the transformation from smallholders to large-scale farmers and improving agricultural productivity in the current situation.Land rental could improve agricultural productivity in various ways.On the one hand,it generates a direct resource allocation effect.Farmland is distributed equally under the household contract responsibility system that overlooks the heterogeneity in ability across farmers and results in land misallocation.If land can be rented in the land market,then the land can be transferred from the low-productivity producers to the high-productivity producers,which improves the efficiency of land allocation and agricultural productivity directly.On the other hand,the land rental can generate a dynamic effect or an indirect effect.With the establishment of the land rental market,land constraints confronted by farm households are relieved,and they will adjust their employment behaviors accordingly,i.e.,only those with comparative advantage in agricultural production will choose to remain in the ag

关 键 词：土地流转 规模经营 就业选择 资源误配 全要素生产率 

分 类 号：F321.1[经济管理—产业经济] F323.6F249.2