清代贵州地区水旱灾害序列重建及其时空格局演变  

Sequence reconstruction and temporal and spatial pattern evolution of flood and drought disasters in Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：向俊丞 杨浩 Xiang Juncheng;Yang Hao(School of History and Culture,Central China Normal University,Wuhan 430079,Hubei,China;Institute of Agricultural Economy and Information,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,Guangdong,China;School of Public Administration,Central China Normal University,Wuhan 430079,Hubei,China)

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院,湖北武汉430079 [2]广东省农业科学院农业经济与信息研究所,广东广州510640 [3]华中师范大学公共管理学院,湖北武汉430079

出　　处：《地理科学》2023年第5期910-921,共12页Scientia Geographica Sinica

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费(优博培育项目)(2022YBZZ002);中央高校基本科研业务费(创新资助项目)(30106220378);广东省农业科学院“十四五”农业优势产业学科团队项目(202123TD)资助。

摘　　要：依据历史文献资料,运用数理统计和空间分析方法等探究清代贵州地区水旱灾害的时空分布演化规律。结果显示:①清代贵州地区发生水旱灾害共计1416次,轻、中、重度3个等级分别占总频次的24.71%、46.75%和28.53%;②清代贵州地区共经历过17世纪50年代、19世纪10年代和90年代3个干旱期;水旱多发于夏季,跨季节灾害以跨春夏秋冬四季的旱灾为主;③在府域尺度上,遵义府(今遵义市)水旱灾害频次最高,松桃厅(今松桃县)最低;水灾分布较广泛,旱灾分布较集中,水灾频次和旱灾频次呈正相关;④依据平均旱涝指数,衡量相对干湿程度;旱区呈点状分布且面积逐渐缩小,涝区面积逐渐扩大;⑤清代贵州水旱灾害分布受气候因素、人口格局和社会环境等多重因素影响;干冷气候是水旱灾害的催化剂,其他自然灾害是水旱灾害的诱发器;水旱灾害集中在人口密度高的坝子和水陆交通沿线;不合理的农业政策、畸形的种植结构、失效的荒政制度加剧了受灾程度。Quantitative reconstruction of the time-space disaster sequence on the provincial scale in historical era helped to keep better understand the environmental mechanism of the disaster.Based on the historical document data,the geographical regularity of flood and drought disasters in Qing Dynasty of Guizhou Region has been discussed by adopting the mathematical statistics and the spatial analysis.The results show that:1)There were 1416 times of flood and drought disasters in the Qing Dynasty of this region.The slight,moderate and severe disasters accounted for 24.712%,46.75%and 28.53%.2)In all years of the Qing Dynasty,there were three extreme dry period in the 1650s,the 1910s and the 1990s.The prevalence of flood and drought disaster seemed more frequently in summer,the disasters of season span were more frequently from spring to winner.3)On the prefecture scale,The frequency of floods and droughts in Zuiyi was the highest,in Songtao was the lowest.The flood disaster was much widely distributed than the drought disaster at the scale.The frequency of flood disaster had a positive relation with the frequency of drought disaster.4)According to the average of Palmer Drought Severity index,the relative humidity was measured.The dry areas were distributed in spots in the province-wide,while,progressively narrow.The humid areas were progressively extend.5)The temporal and spatial pattern was restricted by multiple factors such as climate,population pattern and social environment.Dry-cold climate was the catalyst of flood and drought disasters,and natural disaster was the inducing force.Flood and drought disasters are concentrated in dam with high population density and along land and water transportation.The disaster-affected degree had been exacerbated by unreasonable agriculture policy,unbalanced planting structure and useless relief system.

关 键 词：清代 贵州地区 水旱灾害 平均旱涝指数 

分 类 号：K928.6[历史地理—人文地理学]