平屋顶VS薄壳屋顶——20世纪初钢筋混凝土结构发展的两条路径与现代主义建筑运动之反思  

Flat Roofs vs. Thin-Shell Roofs: Two Approaches to the Development of Reinforced Concrete Structures and Reflections on Modernism

作　　者：刘亦师[1] LIU Yishi(School of Architecture,Tsinghua University)

机构地区：[1]清华大学建筑学院

出　　处：《世界建筑》2023年第6期4-10,共7页World Architecture

基　　金：教育部社会科学研究规划基金项目项目编号:22YJA770013;清华大学本科课程教育改革(2023年)资助项目编号:53410600823。

摘　　要：钢筋混凝土结构的出现、成熟及其应用是19世纪以来现代建筑发展的一条重要线索。20世纪以后,从钢筋混凝土结构发展出两种基本的屋顶形式——平屋顶和薄壳屋顶。当前建筑史著述常聚焦于前者,对薄壳屋顶的缘起、发展以及二者的关联关注不多。本文将钢筋混凝土结构的发展历程分为20世纪之前由法国推动、模仿新古典主义的初始期,和20世纪后尤其是德意志制造联盟成立后由德国建筑师领导的成熟期,后一时期的突出标志包括钢筋混凝土结构的设计和施工与工业化过程相结合、包豪斯学派登上历史舞台并成为现代主义运动的主要推动力量,以及钢筋混凝土薄壳体系的创立及完善。1920年代以降,随着平屋顶崛起为现代主义建筑的象征之一以及薄壳结构体系逐渐成熟,现代主义运动也发展壮大,形成世界性影响。本文梳理钢筋混凝土结构的这两条发展路径及其相互关联,并在此视角下反思现代主义的若干核心命题。The emergence, maturation and application of reinforced concrete structures offer a crucial clue to studying the development of modern architecture since the 19th century. Reinforced concrete structure consists of two basic structural forms: trabeated system made of panel boards, beams and pillars with flat roof as the distinctive element, and thin shell system as typified by various forms of shell roofs. So far most architectural publications focus on the former as the mainstream narrative, with less attention paid to the latter and their relations. This paper divides the development of reinforced concrete structure in two phases: the France-led phase based on imitation of wooden trabeated structure in the 19th century, and the Germany-led phase since the establishment of Werkbund in 1907, characterised by the rise of Bauhaus-driven Modernism and the thin shell structure both of the 1920s. From the 1920s onwards, the two systems matured into influential forces to promote Modernism with global impacts. This paper examines the trajectory of development of the two systems and reflects on several central issues of Modernism from this angle.

关 键 词：钢筋混凝土结构 新古典主义 现代主义 平屋顶 薄壳屋顶 德国学派 

分 类 号：TU375[建筑科学—结构工程]