《蒙特利尔公约》的国内化与适用:问题与出路  

The Localization and Application of the 1999 Montreal Convention:Problems and Solutions

作　　者：王立志 WANG Lizhi

机构地区：[1]南京航空航天大学人文学院、中国航空法与空间法研究院

出　　处：《武大国际法评论》2023年第2期96-119,共24页Wuhan University International Law Review

摘　　要：作为条约取得国内法律效力的过程,条约国内化是条约国内适用的前提。私法条约的国内化与国内适用路径宜以其国内化后的国内适用方式对国家、法人和自然人利益保护的最大可能性为标准,以结果为导向进行个案研判确定。私法条约在我国国内的适用目前有两种路径:因《民法典》未接受《民法通则》第142条第2款,一般性私法条约进入了灵活适用的时代,但灵活适用的规则尚付阙如;航空等私法条约的适用仍循《民法通则》模式,即国内法媒介条款引致的间接适用模式。《蒙特利尔公约》的纳入与国内法媒介条款引致的间接适用模式导致其适用机会小于预期,影响了华沙体系文件现代化的效果,使法官寻法困难与释法错误可能增加,法律适用的多重矛盾难以释明。以纳入方式国内化的条约,并不意味着不能再以转化方式赋予其国内法的效力。《蒙特利尔公约》如果采取转化的国内化模式与冲突规范引致的间接适用模式,具有更优的条约实施效果,并可促进《民用航空法》承运人责任制度的现代化。《蒙特利尔公约》的国内化与转化过程对未来我国其他条约的国内化与国内适用模式的确定具有示范意义。The localization of a treaty,a process through which such treaty has force of national law,is the premise of domestic application of that treaty.The mode of localization and domestic application of a private treaty may be de-termined by result oriented method in accordance with the utmost possibilities of interest protection of a state,legal persons and natural persons through domestic application of the e same treaty after its localization on a case-by-case basis.At present,there are two ways for the application of private treaties in China:since the second paragraph of Article 142 of the General Principles of Civil Law has not been accepted by the Civil Code,the general private treaties have entered into the era of flexible application without rules.However,as to the application of treaties relating to aviation transportation,the mode of domestic application of treaties under General Principles of Civil Law,that is,the indirect application mode guided by media clauses of domestic law,may be evoked.It is found that the current mode of localization and application of the 1999 Montreal Convention,i.e.,adoption and application guided by media clause,leads to less opportunities for its application than expected,more errors made by judges in finding and interpreting the rules,and multiple contradictions hard to explain during the application of laws,which affected the effect of the modernization of Warsaw system instruments.Although the 1999 Montreal Convention is localized by adoption,it does not mean that the treaty may not have force of national law by means of transformation of the said treaty.It is proved that the mode of transformation and indirect application of the 1999 Montreal Convention guided by conflict rules may have a better effect of domestic enforcement of that Convention and promote the modernization of the carrier liability system of the Civil Aviation Law.It is found that the localization and domestic application process of the 1999 Montreal Convention is of exemplary significance for China to det

关 键 词：蒙特利尔公约 条约的国内化 条约适用 结果导向 民用航空法修改 

分 类 号：D997[政治法律—国际法学]