乾隆时期建筑中的手法主义及类手法主义现象  

Mannerist Architecture and Architectural Phenomena in Qianlong Period

作　　者：杨菁[1] 王弋维 白慧 YANG Jing;WANG YiWei;BAI Hui

机构地区：[1]天津大学建筑学院

出　　处：《城市环境设计》2023年第2期315-321,共7页Urban Environment Design

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目,天一阁范式藏书楼研究(51978445);国家自然科学基金重点项目,基于中华语境“建筑-人-环境”融贯机制的当代营建体系重构研究(52038007)。

摘　　要：在“漫长的18世纪”,当西方建筑经历从巴洛克到新古典主义的转变时,与此同时的“康乾盛世”,中国建筑在封建社会末期达到了体系化的又一座高峰,尤其在乾隆皇帝实际统治期间(1736—1796)。但与此同时,北方皇家建筑中出现了各种写仿现象——江南园林、藏式寺庙、缅式宝塔甚至西洋宫殿都汇聚一堂,建筑上出现了各种异变。如果将这一现象与16世纪意大利的“手法主义”时期进行对比,它们都呈现出“既可以故意使用与原始意义或主题相反的内容,也可以同样有意地严格地执行古典主义”的类似特征——本文从圆明园西洋楼直接借用西方手法主义中粗石主义与增强透视的实例,到紫禁城中基于空间体验的手法主义本土化的体现,借用类比的方法,讨论了它们与手法主义的共通性,以及跨文化间可能的交流与影响。In the"long eighteenth century",when Western architecture transformed Baroque to Neoclassicism,at the same time in the"High Qing",Chinese arch lecture reached another peak of systematization at the end of feudal society,especially during the actual reign of the Qianlong Emperor(1735-1799),various emulate phenomena appeared in northern imperial architecture,such as Jiangnan gardens,Tibetan-style temples,Burmese-style pagodas,and even Western palaces were all gathered together.There were various changes in the architecture,such as the"Eight Temples of Chengde",which combines traditional Chinese wooden and Tibetan brick structures,and the"Western Building in Yuanmingyuan"designed by Jesuit missionaries in combination with Chinese and Western styles.If this period is compared with the"Mannerism"period in 16th-century Italy,they all present similar characteristics that"can be deliberately used contrary to the original meaning or theme,and classicism can be equally deliberately and strictly enforced",from the Western Building in Yuanmingyuan directly borrowing examples of rustication and enhanced perspective in Western Mannerism to the embodiment of the localization of Mannerism based on spatial experience in the Forbidden City,borrowing analogy,and discussing their commonality with Mannerism,and possible intercultural communication and influence.

关 键 词：手法主义 西洋楼 粗石主义 宁寿宫花园 三希堂 

分 类 号：TU-091.8[建筑科学—建筑理论]