“融洽关系”理论及其在我国讯问取证中的应用  

The Theory of Rapport and Its Application in China's Interrogation

作　　者：刘涛[1] LIU Tao

机构地区：[1]中国人民公安大学侦查学院,北京100038

出　　处：《公安学研究》2023年第2期34-49,123,共17页Journal of Public Security Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“讯问/询问取证方法的国际发展及其在我国的本土化应用研究”(18BFX075)。

摘　　要：融洽关系已成为信息收集型询问模式和指控型讯问模式中理论和实践的重要组成部分。本文通过理论溯源和对比分析,厘清了信息收集型询问模式中的融洽关系,在性质上是一种积极的关系,以平等、尊重、友好、关心为基本特征,强调在整个询问过程中建立并维持融洽关系;与之相对,指控型讯问模式中的“融洽关系”可以是积极的,也可以是中性的,还可以是消极的,由侦查人员根据具体讯问情景的需要来确定,与融洽关系理论的起源及本意不符,在理论上应予以区分,界定为一种工作关系更为合适。本文依据国外代表性学者的研究,梳理、总结了信息收集型询问模式中建立和维持融洽关系所运用的主要方法和技巧。对于询问被害人、证人,建立和维持融洽关系能够提升调查询问质量,获得更多、更准确的信息,我国应当充分借鉴,将其确立为询问取证的指导准则之一。融洽关系理论在一定程度上与我国宽严相济、认罪认罚从宽等政策制度相契合,在我国侦查讯问中,可整合、确立为讯问策略方法之一种,并优先适用。Rapport is an important part of the theory and practice of the information-gathering interview model and the accusatory interrogation model.Through theoretical review and comparative analysis,this study argues that the rapport in the former model is a positive relationship in nature,with equality,respect,friendship and concern as its basic characteristics,while that in the latter one is highly varied.Due to inconsistency with the origin and intention of the rapport theory,this kind of relationship should be distinguished in theory,and it is more appropriate to be defined as working relationship.Based on the research of foreign representative scholars,this paper summarizes the main methods and skills used to establish and maintain rapport in the information-gathering inquiry model.Given its practical effects and institutional consistency with Chinese criminal policies such as tempering justice with mercy and leniency to those pleading guilty and accepting punishment,the rapport theory should be integrated into Chinese interrogation practices and established as one of the guiding principles for police interrogation.

关 键 词：融洽关系 性质 信息收集型询问 指控型讯问 共情 倾听 

分 类 号：D918.5[政治法律—法学]