帝国生态:檀香穗状病与20世纪初英属印度檀香贸易资源危机  

Imperial Ecology:Sandalwood Spike Disease and the Resource Crisis of Sandalwood Trade in British Raj in the Early Twentieth Century

作　　者：吴羚靖 Wu Lingjing

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学历史学院,北京100872

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第3期105-116,227,共13页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金第72批面上资助阶段性成果(2022M723475)。

摘　　要：20世纪初肆虐南印度的檀香穗状病是全球自然资源商品化与英帝国改造殖民地生态的产物。病害的蔓延不仅触发了印度檀香产地的社会矛盾,也重塑了全球檀香贸易的格局。当时英帝国林学家和植物学家提出“营养未消化说”“缺素说”“病毒说”等解释,并采取直接拔除、火烧和生物控制等方式防治。此外,他们还将外来作物美洲马缨丹在印度的扩散与檀香穗状病的蔓延相勾连,这使病害防治工作从控制病害延伸到根除马缨丹等。此病害的出现对南印度檀香产地自然环境、社会关系乃至国际檀香市场都产生了深远的影响。这是英帝国扩张活动导致殖民地生态变迁并受变迁反向制约的典型表现。全球与地方紧密交织的生态关系挑战了英国殖民林业体系的有效性。这段植物、病菌、人类等多物种相互缠绕的历史鲜明地体现了帝国主义的生态之维,有助于反思全球贸易与生态安全的密切联系。Sandalwood spike disease that ravaged South India in the early twentieth century was the consequence of the global commercialization of natural resources and the transformation of colonial ecology by the British Empire.The spread of the disease had triggered multiple social conflicts in sandalwood producing areas and reshaped the global sandalwood trade.The British imperial foresters and botanists proposed some explanations for the disease,such as undigested nutrient theory,nutrient deficiency theory,and virus theory,and adopted some solutions including direct removal,burning and biological control.In addition,they linked the spread of American Lantana in India with the transmission of sandalwood spike disease,then extended solutions from controlling diseased sandalwood trees to eradicating Lantana.The disease had an impact on local environment and sandalwood society in South India as well as global sandalwood market.This was the typical manifestation of the ecological changes in the colonies caused by the expansion activities of the British Empire and the reverse constraints of change.The relationship between the global and the local had challenged the effectiveness of the British colonial forestry system.The intertwined history of plants,germs,humans and other species illustrates the ecological dimension of imperialism and helps reconsider the articulation of global trade and ecological security.

关 键 词：檀香贸易 马缨丹 印度迈索尔 殖民科学 英帝国 

分 类 号：F746[经济管理—国际贸易] S763.7[经济管理—产业经济]