从“边塞”到“上游”:近代兰州黄河景观主题的演化——兼论中国景观史研究的一个方法问题  

The Evolution of the Yellow River Landscape Theme of Modern⁃day Lanzhou from“Frontier”to“Upstream”--A Methodological Inquiry into the Study of the Chinese History of Landscape

作　　者：张景平[1,2] Zhang Jingping

机构地区：[1]兰州大学历史文化学院,兰州1730030 [2]中国历史研究院田澍工作室,北京100101

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第3期140-156,228,229,共19页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“明清以来河西走廊水利文献集成整理与研究”(22ZD&225)。

摘　　要：景观形成某种主题的过程,可称为景观文化过程,观看与书写活动是其中重要环节。兰州作为黄河与城市共生的代表,其黄河景观具有承袭自明代边疆要塞的景观实体;清代政治精英通过限定观河视角及题咏文体控制景观的观看与书写活动,使早已深居版图腹心的黄河景观主题长期保持边疆性。晚清民国时期,观看环节中日益多样化的观河视角以及新工具照相机的引入,消弭了兰州黄河景观边疆性的视觉基础;书写环节中“照片+白话”的书写方式挖掘出水车与皮筏,并通过报刊传播成为公众熟知的黄河上游典型景观要素;与近代水土保持事业关系密切的沿河荒山绿化,赋予兰州黄河景观主题以流域性的整体意义。虽然景观实体更新有限,近代兰州黄河景观主题仍实现由“边塞”向“上游”的转移,近代化要素主要在观看与书写环节中起到推动作用。透过景观文化过程各环节,历史景观所承载的丰富信息得以在微观层面充分而明晰地呈现,或可为景观史研究提供某种新路径。The process by which landscape forms a certain theme can be called the cultural process of landscape.The acts of viewing and writing are essential aspects of this process.Lanzhou is the representative of the symbiotic relationship between the Yellow River and a city.There,the Yellow River landscape inherited physical aspects of the Ming Dynasty frontier outposts.In the Qing Dynasty,political elites determined how to view and write about this landscape through limiting the perspective for viewing and the style for writing.Although the Yellow River landscape was already well within the heartland of the Qing empire,these efforts ensured that the landscape theme applied to the Yellow River continued to maintain a sense of the frontier.By the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republican period,various ways of viewing were introduced,together with camera as a new tool,thus eliminating the visual frontier aspects of the Yellow River landscape.The combination of photography and vernacular language used in writing disclosed the use of waterwheels and sheepskin rafts along the Yellow River that became familiarized by the public through circulation of the press.Furthermore,reforestation in the mountains along the river as part of modern⁃day conservation effort contributed to a new way of regarding the Yellow River landscape in Lanzhou as the upstream segment in a watershed framework.An examination of the cultural process of landscape provides us with a wealth of information at the micro level embodied by the historical landscape,which could provide new insight into the study of the history of landscape.

关 键 词：近代 兰州 黄河 景观主题 景观文化过程 

分 类 号：K928.6[历史地理—人文地理学] K25[建筑科学—城市规划与设计] TU986