环境DNA技术在水生生物监测中的挑战、突破和发展前景  

Challenge,breakthrough and future perspectives of environmental DNA technology in monitoring aquatic organisms

作　　者：李晨虹[1,2] 凌岚馨 谭娟 林晓龙[1,2] 王辉 孙冰皎[4] 李曌 LI Chenhong;LING Lanxin;TAN Juan;LIN Xiaolong;WANG Hui;SUN Bingjiao;LI Zhao(Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai 201306,China;Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai 201306,China;Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences,Shanghai 200233,China;China National Environmental Monitoring Centre,Beijing 100012,China)

机构地区：[1]上海海洋大学环境DNA技术与水生态健康评估工程中心,上海201306 [2]上海海洋大学海洋动物系统分类与进化上海高校重点实验室,上海201306 [3]上海市环境科学研究院,上海200233 [4]中国环境监测总站,北京100102

出　　处：《上海海洋大学学报》2023年第3期564-574,共11页Journal of Shanghai Ocean University

基　　金：国家重点研发计划专项(2022YFC2601301)。

摘　　要：近年来,人类活动影响导致水生态系统平衡遭到破坏,水生生物多样性锐减,水生态健康状况堪忧。快速、有效地监测水生生物是评价水生态健康,科学开展水生态环境保护和管理的前提。环境DNA(environmental DNA,eDNA)技术是一种运用分子生物学方法,从环境样品中提取DNA并进行测序和分析来反映物种信息的技术。由于该技术只需采集环境样品(水、土壤、沉积物等)便能获得大量物种信息,具有非入侵性、灵敏性及低成本等特点,近年来备受关注。但是,已有的研究实践表明,目前eDNA技术仍然面临一些挑战,阻碍了其常态化、业务化应用。从生物多样性调查、入侵和濒危物种监测、食性研究等方面列举了eDNA技术在水生生物监测中的应用实例,并总结目前eDNA技术在采样效率、假阳性和假阴性、来源不确定性、数据库缺失和定量结果不准确等5个方面所面临的问题和挑战;进一步探讨研究者针对这些问题所提出的相应解决方案和技术突破。最后,对eDNA技术未来的发展前景进行了展望,以期为研究人员使用eDNA技术提供启发。In recent years,impact of human activities has led to the destruction of balance of the water ecosystem,sharp reduction of biodiversity of aquatic organisms and degradation of water ecological health.Rapid and effective monitoring aquatic organisms is a prerequisite for evaluating water ecological health and carrying out protection and management on water ecological environment.Environmental DNA(eDNA)technology is a technology that uses molecular biology methods to extract DNA from environmental samples,sequence and analyze it to infer species information.Because this technology can obtain a large amount of species information only by collecting environmental samples(water,soil,sediment,etc.),with the characteristics of non-invasive,high sensitivity and low cost,it has attracted much attention in recent years.However,existing research practice shows that the current eDNA technology still faces some challenges,hindering it from becoming a standard and routine application.In this review,applications of the eDNA technology in aquatic organism monitoring are illustrated from different aspects:biodiversity investigation,invasive and endangered species monitoring,diet analyses,etc.The problems and challenges faced by eDNA technology are summarized in five aspects,including sampling efficiency,false positive and false negative,uncertainty of eDNA source,missing data in database and unsatisfying quantitative methods.The solutions and technical breakthroughs to these problems are further discussed.Finally,future perspectives of the eDNA technology is discussed,in order to provide inspiration for future work using eDNA technology.

关 键 词：eDNA技术 应用 挑战 突破 展望 

分 类 号：X835[环境科学与工程—环境工程]