森林场景可视化和林火模拟仿真技术研究综述  

A review of forest visualization and forest fire simulation technology research

作　　者：淮永建[1,2] 孟庆阔 马天容 徐海峰 赵曦 程明智 黄心渊 Huai Yongjian;Meng Qingkuo;Ma Tianrong;Xu Haifeng;Zhao Xi;Cheng Mingzhi;Huang Xinyuan(School of Information Science and Technology,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China;School of VR,Jilin Animation Institute,Changchun 130000,China;School of New Media,Beijing Institute of Graphic Design,Beijing 102600,China;School of Animation and Art Design,Communication University of China,Beijing 100024,China)

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学信息学院,北京100083 [2]吉林动画学院VR学院,长春130000 [3]北京印刷学院新媒体学院,北京102600 [4]中国传媒大学动画与艺术设计学院,北京100024

出　　处：《中国图象图形学报》2023年第6期1891-1908,共18页Journal of Image and Graphics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31770589)。

摘　　要：森林是生态环境系统的重要组成部分。随着气候变暖,恶劣气候气象条件造成全球森林火灾频繁发生,给国民经济和消防救援带来巨大挑战,森林火灾已成为全球主要的自然灾害。因此,森林场景可视化建模、3维场景仿真、林火模拟仿真、火场复现、预测和灾害评估成为林业虚拟仿真研究热点。本文对树木形态结构建模技术、森林场景大规模重建和实时渲染、森林场景可视化、林火模型和林火模拟仿真等前沿技术和算法进行综述。对相关的林木、植被的形态结构表达和真实感可视化建模方法进行归纳分类,并对不同可视化方法的算法优劣、复杂度、实时渲染效率和适用场景进行讨论。基于规则的林木建模方法和基于林分特征的真实场景重建方法对大规模森林场景重建技术进行分类,基于物理模型、经验模型和半经验模型对森林火灾的林火模型、单木林火、多木林火模拟和蔓延进行总结,对影响林火蔓延的不同环境气象因子(如地形地貌、湿度、可燃物等)和森林分布对林火发生、扩散和蔓延的影响进行分析,对不同算法的优劣进行对比、分析和讨论,对森林场景可视化和林火模拟仿真技术未来的发展方向、存在问题和挑战进行展望。本文为基于森林真实场景的森林火灾模拟仿真和数字孪生沉浸式互动模拟系统的构建提供了理论方法基础,该平台可以实现森林场景快速构建、不同火源林火模拟、火场蔓延模拟仿真以及不同气象影响条件的火场预测,可对森林火场救援指挥、火场灾害评估和火场复原提供可视化决策支持。Forest is a sort of highly complex and important ecosystem and it is still challenged by such severe forest fires.To strengthen the information-driven ability of forest fire emergency management decision-making,it is required to build a forest fire virtual simulation platform in terms of virtual reality and visualization technology.Therefore,our review analysis is focused on a virtual reality and visualization-based forest fire virtual simulation platform for exploring the forest scene visualization and forest fire simulation technology,and it seeks to trace forest scenes,multi-source forest fire simulation,and its fire scene further.In order to provide visual decision-making support for fire rescue command and fire disaster assessment,information-driven forest fire emergency management decision-making is improved further.First,we discuss and analyze the highly realistic 3D visualization reconstruction technology of real forest landscapes,which is beneficial for a forest model library and realize highly realistic 3D visualization reconstruction of forest landscape areas.To establish a forest fire spread model and reflect the forest fire combustion process and pyrolysis-physical characteristics accurately and its combustion process-oriented real-time visual simulation,it is essential to develop the application of forest fire simulation technology and explore the mechanism of forest fire spread.The related methods are categorized into forest scene visualization and forest fire simulation technology,and the research growth of it is summarized as well.Forest scene visualization methods can be divided into mechanism-based tree modeling methods,including L system-based and custom sketch-based or interactive modeling methods,and forest stand characteristics-based natural scene reconstruction methods.That is,realworld forest stands feature data like images and point clouds are used to reconstruct forest trees.The two types of methods mentioned above are mostly used to construct single tree models as the theoretical basis

关 键 词：林木建模 森林场景可视化 林火模拟 林火蔓延模型 灭火仿真技术 

分 类 号：TP391.9[自动化与计算机技术—计算机应用技术]