《民法典》第1182条(侵害他人人身权益造成财产损失的赔偿)评注  

Commentary on the Article 1182 of the Civil Code(Compensation for Property Losses Caused by Infringement on the Personal Rights and Interests of Others)

作　　者：陈现杰[1,2] Chen Xianjie

机构地区：[1]最高人民法院研究室 [2]中南财经政法大学

出　　处：《中国应用法学》2023年第3期194-214,共21页China Journal of Applied Jurisprudence

摘　　要：传统民法理论固化“人身权”与“财产权”的二元区分,将人身权界定为“人身非财产权利”。《民法典》第1182条突破这一传统的法解释学理论,将“财产利益”纳入人身权(人格权)概念的内容,与人格权固有的“精神利益”一体予以保护,形成“一元论”的救济模式。本条的规范目的系对“人格权益被动商业化”造成的财产损失提供损害赔偿救济,故对其客体范围应作目的性限缩解释,限于可商业化利用的非物质性人格权;主体范围则根据人格平等原则,不受“商业化预先形成”的限制;保护期限依照《民法典》第994条的规定,为近亲属生存期限;赔偿数额按照被侵权人遭受的具体损失或者侵权人获得的利益(包括消极利益即“对价节省”)计算;救济途径按照“二择一”(实际为“三择一”,即“赔偿损失”“返还获利”“支付拟制授权金”)模式,由被侵权人根据利益最大化原则自由选择行使请求权;被侵权人不能以“二择一”模式获得救济时,可以通过诉权方式行使损害赔偿请求权,请求人民法院酌定损害赔偿额,最大限度缓和权利救济的举证困境,遏制侵权行为。Traditional civil law theory solidifi es the binary distinction between“personal rights”and“property rights”,defining personal rights as“personal non property rights”.Article 1182 of the Civil Code breaks through this traditional doctrinal theory,incorporates“property interests”into the concept of personal rights(personality rights),protects them together with the inherent“spiritual interests”of personality rights,and forms a relief model of“monism”.The normative purpose of this article is to provide compensation for property losses caused by the passive commercialization of personality rights.Therefore,the scope of its object should be interpreted with a purpose limited interpretation,limited to non material personality rights that can be commercially utilized;The scope of the subject is based on the principle of personality equality and is not limited by the“pre-formed commercialization”;The protection period shall be the survival period of close relatives in accordance with Article 994 of this Law;The amount of compensation shall be calculated based on the specifi c losses suff ered by the infringed or the benefi ts obtained by the infringer(including negative benefi ts,i.e.“consideration savings”);The remedy approach follows the“two to one”(actually“three to one”,which means“compensation for losses”,“return of profi ts”,and“payment of simulated authorization fees”)model,and the infringed freely chooses to exercise the right of claim based on the principle of maximizing interests;When the infringed party is unable to obtain relief through the“either/or”mode,they can exercise their right to claim damages through the right of action,request the people’s court to determine the amount of damages,minimize the burden of proof for right relief,and curb the infringement behavior.

关 键 词：人格权被动商业化 损害赔偿 获利返还 司法裁量请求权 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]