数据价值理论研究  

Research of Data Valuation

作　　者：李海舰 赵丽[3] LI Haijian;ZHAO Li(Institute of Quantitative and Technical Economics,CASS,100732;School of Business,University of CASS,102488)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院数量经济与技术经济研究所,100732 [2]中国社会科学院大学,102488 [3]中国社会科学院大学商学院,102488

出　　处：《财贸经济》2023年第6期5-20,共16页Finance & Trade Economics

基　　金：中国社会科学院工业经济研究所“中国企业管理模式创新”研究(2019-gjs-06);中国社会科学院大学(研究生院)研究生科研创新支持计划项目(2022-KY-118)。

摘　　要：本文按照“数据时代特性—理论创新—范式变革”的逻辑线路,探讨数据价值理论。通过软要素与硬要素、软要素与软要素之间的比较以及数据自身特性得出,数据具有非竞争性、非排他性,边际成本递减、边际收益递增,非物质化、非实物态,非有限性、非稀缺性的时代特性。正是数据要素的时代特性,颠覆传统价值理论,带来包括数据价值形成、数据价值实现、数据价值确权、数据价值定价在内的“生产—交换”理论创新。从数据价值形成看,数据质量程度、加工程度、使用程度、连接程度、应用场景、开放程度影响数据价值形成;从数据价值实现看,数据独立作为生产要素产生价值创造效应、数据赋能其他生产要素产生价值倍增效应、数据替代其他生产要素产生价格归零效应;从数据价值确权看,基于产权经济理论,数据私地悲剧效应大于私地喜剧效应,基于共享经济理论,数据公地喜剧效应大于公地悲剧效应;从数据价值定价看,标准化的数据产品可以按照实体产品属性定价,非标准化的数据产品可以按照虚拟产品属性定价。基于数据时代特性及其理论创新,在一定程度上实现了“生产—交换”范式从“有形生产有形、有形交换有形”向“无形生产有形、无形交换有形”,最终到“无形生产无形、无形交换无形”的变革。Data,as an important strategic resource and a key production factor,holds enormous value.This paper explores the theory of data value by following the logical route of“characteristics of the data eratheoretical innovation-paradigm shift”.Based on comparison between soft and hard elements,and between soft elements,and the analysis of the characteristics of data itself,we find that data in today's world is noncompetitive,non-exclusive,with decreasing marginal costs yet increasing marginal benefits,intangible,nonphysical and not scarce or limited.These characteristics of data elements have overturned traditional value theories and brought about the new“production-exchange”theory,covering the formation,realization,ownership,and pricing of data value.The formation of data value is affected by the quality,processing,usage,connectivity,application scenarios,and openness of data.As to data value realization,data independently creates value as a production factor,which can be reflected in the precise economic effect,real-time economic effect,network economic effect,and expected economic effect of data.Data can also enable other production factors to create value,leading to efficiency improvement in R&D,manufacturing,marketing,and operations.Data can also replace other production factors and lead to the dematerialization of products.As to data value ownership,it is difficult to balance individuals'privacy demands and enterprises'data application demands based on the property rights theory,and the tragedy of the data commons is more significant than the comedy of the data commons.According to the theory of the sharing economy,it is necessary to ensure that multiple data subjects are incentivized and compatible,with individuals emphasizing data privacy rights,enterprises emphasizing data collection and flow property rights,and governments emphasizing the security and core interests of public data.Regarding data value pricing,standardized data products can be priced based on physical product attributes,while non-stand

关 键 词：数据价值理论 数据价值形成 数据价值实现 数据价值确权 数据价值定价 

分 类 号：F49[经济管理—产业经济]