貌离神合:家庭财产法对传统家观念的呈现  

Presentation of the Traditional Family Concept inthe Lawof Family Property

作　　者：汪洋[1] WANG Yang

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《法学研究》2023年第3期112-129,共18页Chinese Journal of Law

基　　金：清华大学自主科研计划文科专项(2021THZWJC20)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在家庭财产法这一中观领域,我国传统家族法与现代婚姻继承法在制度、功能以及正当性方面皆有共通之处,均以秉持家庭利益最大化为目标,同时兼顾家庭成员的个人自由,可谓“貌离神合”。夫妻共同财产制可视为一种新型的同居共财关系且区别于共同共有。家产的对外处分、债务承担以及对内管理以家庭利益为重;当家和日常家事代理仅限于必要范围;非家庭正当原因的负债被排除出家庭债务或夫妻债务范畴。同居共财下的父债子还不是继承法而是家庭财产法问题,与个人财产制下的限定继承并不冲突。家庭财产之外的特有财产常见于随嫁财产以及父母为子女结婚或购房出资,家产代际传承的功能决定了其为对子女一方的赠与且不考虑出资时点。为了家庭利益应区分特有财产的资本收益和劳动收益分别确定婚后归属,遵循但避免僵化适用不转化规则。家产的解体分割和代际传承具有同一性,继承顺位、份额等内容皆强调孝文化及成员贡献度。现代法仅规定死后继承,分家传统呈现为父母对部分子女的生前特别赠与,应适用归扣制度以平衡诸子利益。同居共财只适配法定继承而实质排除遗嘱,现代法强调个人财产权、遗嘱继承和男女平等,但导致遗嘱自由和男女继承权平等的冲突等新问题。In the median area of family property law,there are commons between Chinese traditional family law and modern marriage and succession law in their institutions,functions and justification,namely both aiming at the maximization of family interests meanwhile combining the freedom of family members.The system of joint property of husband and wife can be seen as a new type of cohabitation and community of property relationship and is distinct from the common co-ownership.The external disposal of family property,the assumption of debts and the internal management of family property should be in the interest of the family.The repayment of paternal debts under cohabitation and community of property is not a matter of inheritance law but a matter of family property law,and does not conflict with qualified inheritance under the individual property regime.Marital property and parental contributions to marriage or house for a child are the usual types of peculiar property.The function of the intergenerational transmission of family property dictates that those are gifts to their own child regardless of the contribution time.A distinction should be made between the proceeds of labor and the capital gains from peculiar property,and follow but avoid the rigid application of the rule of non-conversion.The division of family property and intergenerational inheritance are identical,and the culture of filial piety and the contribution of the members are emphasized in inheritance ranking and shares.The tradition of family division presents itself as a special gift from parents to some of their children during their lifetime in the modern law,which should be subject to a system of heritage deduction to balance the interests of the children.There is a conflict between freedom of will and equality of inheritance right between men and women in the modern law.

关 键 词：同居共财 夫妻共同财产 夫妻共同债务 生前赠与 继承 

分 类 号：D923.9[政治法律—民商法学]