整体法秩序视野下被害人自陷风险的理论重塑  

Theoretical Reconstruction of Assumption of Risk from the Perspective of Overall Legal Order

作　　者：陈璇[1] CHEN Xuan

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学刑事法律科学研究中心

出　　处：《法学研究》2023年第3期168-187,共20页Chinese Journal of Law

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“风险社会背景下业务过失犯规制模式的体系化研究”(22BFX041)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：被害人自陷风险并不是一个仅涉及刑事可罚性的单纯部门法问题。以“仿共犯”模式为代表的单一刑法思维,一方面将“行为人一行为人”责任划分模式错误地套用于“行为人一被害人”责任分配问题,另一方面拘泥于被害人自陷风险在界分罪与非罪方面的功能,却忽视了其在初级规范层面的意义。被害人自陷风险问题的分析框架,由法律性质和法律责任两个层面构成。在法律性质层面,首先,从权利分配格局的视角出发,某些自陷风险的情形足以直接否定注意义务违反性;其次,在确定行为人违反了注意义务的情况下,需进一步考察能否根据被害人承诺例外地阻却过失行为的违法性。在法律责任层面,既可能因为“被害人过错”而降低甚至排除行为人行为的刑事可罚性,也可能借由“过失相抵”而减轻行为人的侵权损害赔偿责任。Assumption of risk is not a purely branch-law issue that only involves criminal punishability.On the one hand,the unitary criminal law thinking represented by the“imitation accomplice”model mistakenly applies the“actor-actor”responsibility allocation model to the“actor-victim”responsibility allocation;and on the other hand,it restricts the function of the assumption of risk to distinguishing between crime and non-crime,but neglects its significance at the level of primary norms.The analytical framework for the issue of assumption of risk consists of two levels,i.e.,legal nature and legal responsibility.At the level of legal nature,firstly,from the perspective of the distribution pattern of rights,certain situations of assumption of risk are sufficient to directly negate the violation of the duty of care.Secondly,when it is determined that the perpetrator has violated the duty of care,further investigation is needed to determine whether the illegality of the negligent act can be exceptionally excluded based on the victim's commitment.At the level of legal responsibility,it is possible to reduce or even exclude the criminal punishability of the act due to the“fault of the victim”,or to reduce the tort liability of the perpetrator for damages through the“counteracting of negligence”.

关 键 词：被害人自陷风险 注意义务 被害人承诺 整体法秩序 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]