人权商谈建构论——以福斯特为中心  

On Reflexive Approach to Human Rights: Centered on Foster

作　　者：李聃 LI Dan(Renmin University of China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学

出　　处：《人权法学》2023年第3期103-128,159,160,共28页Journal of Human Rights Law

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)项目(批准号:22XNA006)“当代中国人权理论和话语研究”的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：人权的证成路径可以分为三种:伦理、政治—法律、道德—政治证成路径。自然主义人权理论主张的伦理证成面临转化为道德证成的难题。政治性人权理论主张的政治证成由于忽视内部视角而缺少人权的道德内涵。相较于最低限度共识理论,商谈建构理论是一种进阶版的人权道德—政治证成路径。商谈建构理论从文化完整性出发,以获得证成的道德权利和提供证成的道德义务为逻辑起点,最终落脚于人权的道德建构和政治建构。商谈建构理论就如下几方面的质疑给出了回应:获得证成的道德权利之普遍性、提供证成的道德义务之必要性、获得证成的道德权利与历史偶然性之关系、道德自治对民主自我治理的影响力以及具体他者与普遍他者之间的平衡性。商谈建构理论是一种以道德为核心的相对普遍主义人权观,彰显了当代人权理论的发展趋势。The paths of justification of human rights can be divided into three types:ethical,political,and moral-political.The ethical justification advocated by naturalistic human rights theories faces the difficulty of being transformed into moral justification.The political justification advocated by political human rights theory lacks the moral content of human rights because it ignores the internal perspective.Compared to the minimum consensus theory,the reflexive approach is an advanced version of the moral-political path of justification of human rights.The reflexive approach is a relatively universal view of human rights with morality at its core,highlighting the trend of contemporary human rights theory.The reflexive approach can be summarized into three core elements:justified moral rights or the moral obligation for justification,acceptable reasons(universal and reciprocal criteria),and reflexive constructions(moral and political constructions).The justified moral rights are the Kantian root of the reflexive approach.All four challenges to the reflexive approach unfold on the basis of its three core elements.The first challenge revolves around the justified moral right.Through two paths,Foster derives a universal right to be validated from a cultural integrity perspective.But is the justified moral right really universal?Foster argues that the"need for justification"is universal and that the"justifying moral right"is a dynamic process constantly unfolding.The second challenge revolves around the moral obligation for justification.Foster emphasizes moral autonomy and the moral force of the obligation to justify as a"moral"obligation.He accordingly proposes a second level of practical insight to fill the"normative gap"that exists between the weak transcendental"must"and the morally prescribed"must."The question is whether primary practical and cognitive insight already encompasses secondary practical insight.Foster insists there is a normative gap and,therefore,a need for secondary practical insight.A third challe

关 键 词：人权的商谈建构 获得证成的道德权利 提供证成的道德义务 福斯特 

分 类 号：D815.7[政治法律—国际关系]