略论宋、元、明时期橹的发展——以文渊阁《四库全书》为中心的考察  

On the Development of the Scull in Song and Yuan as Well as Ming Dynasties——An investigation centered on Si Ku Quan Shu

作　　者：崔海东[1] 陈泺泽 CUI Haidong;CHEN Leze(Institute for the History of Science and Technology,Jiangsu University of Science and Technology,Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212100,China)

机构地区：[1]江苏科技大学科技史研究所,江苏镇江212100

出　　处：《江苏科技大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第2期1-7,共7页Journal of Jiangsu University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“原儒——体用视域下先秦儒家一贯之道研究”(17FZX020)。

摘　　要：根据航行水域与目的功能的不同,宋、元、明时期使用橹的船只可以分为内河行船、沿海战船和远洋海船三类。在内河船中,橹在宋代已遍布南北主要水系,元代承之,明代则进一步发展出适应各自水系的船型以及与之相配套的橹。橹的技术特点在宋、元、明时期较为稳定,没有显著变化。橹操作轻便,速度极快,声音响亮,数量上分为单橹、多橹,以双橹为常见,其局限性是不能航行于浅水且动力有限,不能在江河中逆流上溯。在东南沿海的抗倭斗争中,常配备多橹快船,但橹又须与风帆篙桨相配合以保持动力,并且由于火器的进步,至明末时小型战船往往又弃橹用桨,以保证水手的安全。在远洋航行中,风帆取代橹成为主要的动力工具,但橹又必不可少,故而针对橹又设有专门的管理操作人员和管理制度。According to the different navigation waters and purpose functions,the ships using the scull in the Song,Yuan and Ming dynasties can be divided into three categories:inland ships,coastal warships and ocean-going ships.Among inland river ships,the application of the scull had spread all over the main water systems in the north and south in the Song Dynasty,which was inherited in the Yuan Dynasty,and the ship types adapting to their respective water systems and the corresponding scull have been further developed in the Ming Dynasty.The technical characteristics of the scull were relatively stable in the Song,Yuan and Ming Dynasties with no significant changes,which shows advantages of light operation,extremely fast speed and loud sound.There are single sculls and multiple sculls in quantity,while double sculls are common.Its limitation is that it can not sail in shallow water,and its power is limited,so it can not go upstream in rivers.In the Anti-Japanese struggle along the southeast coast,speedboats with multiple sculls were often provided,but they had to be matched with sails and paddles to maintain power.Due to the progress of firearms,small warships were often equipped with paddles instead of the scull in the late Ming Dynasty to ensure the safety of sailors.In ocean navigation,sails replace the scull as the main power tool,but the scull is essential.Therefore,special management and operation personnel and a complete set of management system are set up for the scull.

关 键 词：宋 元 明 船橹 内河行船 沿海战船 远洋海船 

分 类 号：K23[历史地理—历史学] N09[历史地理—中国史]