重庆稻油轮作区氮素利用及氮肥投入阈值研究  

Study on Nitrogen Utilization and Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizer Input Threshold of Rape and Rice Rotation in Chongqing

作　　者：方艺 委亚庆 张世浩 李泽慧 习向银[1,3] FANG Yi;WEI Yaqing;ZHANG Shihao;LI Zhehui;XI Xiangyin(College of Resource and Environments,Southwest University,Chongqing 400715,China;College of Tourism,Hainan Tropical Ocean University,Sanya Hainan 572022,China;Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources,Chongqing 400715,China)

机构地区：[1]西南大学资源环境学院,重庆400715 [2]海南热带海洋学院旅游学院,海南三亚572022 [3]土肥资源高效利用重庆市重点实验室,重庆400715

出　　处：《西南大学学报（自然科学版）》2023年第8期95-104,共10页Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition)

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0200100);农业农村部现代农业产业体系建设项目(CARS-22).

摘　　要：通过研究氮肥用量对水稻油菜轮作作物产量、氮素吸收、经济效益及土壤氮素平衡的影响,探讨氮素利用与施氮量的关系,确定作物系统氮肥投入阈值,达到高产和环境友好双赢的目的,为重庆地区稻油轮作合理施肥提供理论依据.于2018-2019年在重庆市典型水稻油菜轮作区,设置5个氮肥用量(0,75,150,225,300 kg/hm^(2)),采用随机区组设计,研究氮肥用量对重庆地区水稻油菜轮作作物产量、氮素利用、土壤矿质氮空间分布及氮素平衡的影响.结果表明:施氮能显著提高重庆地区水稻油菜轮作的作物产量和氮素积累量,其中施氮量对产量促进作用以油菜季300 kg/hm^(2)和水稻季225 kg/hm^(2)最佳,分别提高125.75%和37.74%;对氮素积累量促进作用皆以300 kg/hm^(2)最佳,分别提高187.29%和111.66%.油菜季氮肥偏生产力(PFP N)、氮肥农学利用率(AE N)、氮肥表观利用率(RE N)及水稻季PFP N和AE N均随氮肥增加呈现下降趋势,RE N则呈现先增加后下降的趋势.氮肥用量与油菜和水稻产量(油菜季R 2=0.913,水稻季R 2=0.913)以及作物吸氮量(油菜季R 2=0.895,水稻季R 2=0.879)均呈线性加平台关系,与油菜和水稻经济效益(油菜季R 2=0.914,水稻季R 2=0.898)呈二次曲线关系,与土壤氮素表观损失量(油菜季R 2=0.860,水稻季R 2=0.925)呈线性关系.油菜季施氮量为165.35~183.38 kg/hm^(2)和水稻季施氮量为156.45~193.82 kg/hm^(2)是兼顾作物产量的氮素投入阈值,油菜季施氮量为172.41~249.30 kg/hm^(2)和水稻季施氮量为135.17~246.61 kg/hm^(2)是兼顾作物经济效益的氮素投入阈值,油菜季施氮量为83.11~218.57 kg/hm^(2)和水稻季施氮量为155.47~245.32 kg/hm^(2)是兼顾作物吸氮量和土壤氮素表观损失量的氮素投入阈值.综合考虑作物产量、经济效益以及环境因素,重庆稻油轮作区油菜季化学氮肥投入阈值为172.41~183.38 kg/hm^(2),水稻季化学氮肥投入阈值为156.45~193.82 kg/hm^(2).In this research,the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on crop yield,nitrogen uptake,economic benefit and soil nitrogen balance of rice-rape rotation system were studied.By discussing the relationship between nitrogen utilization and nitrogen application rate,we determined the nitrogen input threshold which could achieve both high yield and environmentally friendly,and provided theoretical basis for rational fertilizer application in rice-rape rotation area of Chongqing.Five nitrogen rates(0,75,150,225,300)kg/hm^(2)were set in a typical rice rapeseed rotation area in Chongqing from 2018 to 2019 with a random block design.We studied the influence of nitrogen fertilizer application on crop yield,nitrogen use,spatial distribution of soil mineral nitrogen and nitrogen balance in rice-raperotation.Nitrogen application could significantly increase crop yield and N accumulation of rice rapeseed rotation in Chongqing.The results showed that nitrogen application could significantly increase the crop yield and nitrogen accumulation of rice-rape rotation in Chongqing area.The best promoting effect of nitrogen application was 300 kg/hm^(2)in rape season and 225 kg/hm^(2)in rice season,which increased the yield by 125.75%and 37.74%,respectively.The best N accumulation rate of nitrogen application was 300 kg/hm^(2)in rice season and rape season,which increased N accumulation by 187.29%and 111.66%,respectively.Partial factor productivityof N(PFP N),Napparentrecoveryefficiency(RE N)and N agronomicefficiency(AE N)in rape season,and PFP N and AE N in rice season were all decreased with the increase of N application rate,while RE N in rice season showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.The amount of nitrogen fertilizer had a linear plus platform relationship with the yield of rape and rice(R 2=0.913 in rape season and R 2=0.913 in rice season)and the amount of nitrogen uptake by crops(R 2=0.895 in rape season and R 2=0.879 in rice season).The amount of nitrogen fertilizer had a quadratic curve relations

关 键 词：水稻油菜轮作 产量 氮肥阈值 氮素利用 重庆地区 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]