从“天降下民”句看周人政治观念及晚书性质——清华简《厚父》《成人》的新线索  

The Political Concepts of the Zhou People and the Nature of the Wanshu from the Phrase of“Heaven Produces People”:New Clues from Hou Fu and Cheng Ren of Tsinghua Manuscripts

作　　者：陈民镇 刘子珍 CHEN Min-zhen;LIU Zi-zhen(Institute of Chinese Culture,Beijing Language and Culture University,Beijing 100083,China;School of History and Political Science,Guizhou Normal University,Guiyang 550025,China)

机构地区：[1]北京语言大学中华文化研究院,北京100083 [2]贵州师范大学历史与政治学院,贵州贵阳550025

出　　处：《西北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第4期95-108,共14页Journal of Northwest University：Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“出土简帛文献与古书形成问题研究”(19ZDA250);北京语言大学校级项目(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金)(21PT03)。

摘　　要：《孟子·梁惠王下》引《书》所见“天降下民”诸语,其断读与释义向有异辞。通过与清华简《厚父》《成人》等文献的对读,可知“师”指太师,“宠”为“乱”之误,“有罪无罪”当与“四方”连读。此外,“在天下”为一短语,指君王在位,“曷(何)”则训“谁”。晚书《泰誓上》中也有类似文句,其沿袭了《孟子》引《书》的讹误,且有擅改之处,可证其晚出。通过对相关材料的梳理,可揭示奠基于西周的国家起源观及政治伦理的元观念,并有助于我们重新审视不同文本之间的关系以及晚书的性质。The lost Shu was quoted in Mencius:King Hui of Liang II and similar texts also appear in Taishi I.The pause and exegesis of the relevant texts have always been doubtful.The two newly discovered texts,Hou Fu and Cheng Ren,from the Warring States Bamboo Slips of Tsinghua University Collection(i.e.,the Tsinghua Manuscripts),provide important clues to the solution to the problem.By comparing with Hou Fu and Cheng Ren in the Tsinghua Manuscripts,we can see that“shi”refers to“taishi”,“chong”is a mistake for“luan”,and the phrase“youzuiwuzui”should be read in conjunction with“sifang”.In addition,“zai tianxia”is a phrase referring to the king’s reign,and“he”means“who”.Although Mencius quoting Shu is similar to the text of Hou Fu in the Tsinghua Manuscripts,the quotation is not necessarily quoted from Hou Fu.The expressions similar to those quoted by Mencius are also found in the Xiangongxu inscriptions,Hou Fu and Cheng Ren in the Tsinghua Manuscripts,Xiang Nian of the Book of the Previous King quoted by Mo Tzu,Tradition of Zuo,and Wanshu Shuo Ming Zhong and Tai Shi I.It is important to note that these materials reflect the political concepts of the Zhou people,including the view of state origin and political ethics.The first is the view of state origin.The above-mentioned literature reflects the early concept of the origin of the state,that is,the basic elements of the state are“ruler,”“minister,”and“people,”whose logic of the origin and governance of the state are manifested in the following way:“Heaven produces people,the state and government are established,the ruler is selected,the ministers assist the ruler in governing the country,and both the ruler and ministers assist the Heaven in governing the people”.The second is the early political ethics.The relationship between“heaven,”“ruler,”and“people”is highlighted by the Xiangongxu inscriptions and other materials.The ruler’s power and legitimacy were granted by“heaven/god”,while the people were al

关 键 词：《尚书》 晚书 清华简 《孟子》 《厚父》 《成人》 

分 类 号：K207[历史地理—历史学]